The European Reformations

Rediscover the Reformations in Europe with this insightful and comprehensive new edition of a long-time favorite

Amongst the authoritative works covering the European Reformation, Carter Lindberg's The European Reformations has stood the test of time. Widely used in classrooms around the world for over twenty-five years, the first two editions of the book were enjoyed and acclaimed by students and teachers alike.

Now, the revised and updated Third Edition of The European Reformations continues the author's work to sketch the various efforts to reform received expressions of faith and their social and political effects, both historical and modern. He has expanded his coverage of women in the Reformations and added a chapter on reforms in East-Central Europe.

Comprehensively covering all of Europe, The European Reformations provides an in-depth exploration of the Reformations' effects on a wide variety of countries. The author discusses:

• The late Middle Ages and the historical context in which the Reformations gained a foothold
• Martin Luther, the theological and pastoral responses to insecurity, and the theological implications of those responses
• The implementation of reforms in Wittenberg, Germany
• Zwingli's reform program, the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland, and the impact of medieval sacramental theology
• The Genevan Reformation and "The Most Perfect School of Christ"

Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in courses on Reformation studies, history, religion, and theology, this edition of The European Reformations also belongs on the bookshelves of theological seminary students and anyone with a keen interest in the Reformation and its ongoing impact on faith and society.

Carter Lindberg is Professor Emeritus of Church History at the School of Theology, Boston University. He is co-Editor of The Forgotten Luther: The Social-Economic Dimensions of the Reformation, and author of the previous two editions of The European Reformations as well as editor of the companion volumes The European Reformations Sourcebook and The Reformation Theologians.

List of Figures xi

Preface to the Third Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Preface to the First Edition xviii

List of Abbreviations xxi

1 History, Historiography, and Interpretations of the Reformations 1

History and Historiography 1

Interpretations of the Reformations 6

Suggestions for Further Reading 19

2 The Late Middle Ages: Threshold and Foothold of the Reformations 20

Agrarian Crisis, Famine, and Plague 21

Towns and Cities: Loci of Ideas and Change 28

The Printing Press 29

Of Mines and Militancy 31

Social Tensions 32

The Crisis of Values 35

The Western Schism 35

Conciliarism 38

Anticlericalism and the Renaissance Papacy 43

Suggestions for Further Reading 45

Electronic Resources 45

3 The Dawn of a New Era 46

Martin Luther (1483–1546) 46

Theological and Pastoral Responses to Insecurity 51

Theological Implications 57

Indulgences: The Purchase of Paradise 59

The Squeaky Mouse 62

Politics and Piety 64

From the Diet of Worms to the Land of the Birds 66

The Diet of Worms 71

Suggestions for Further Reading 72

Electronic Resources 73

4 Wait for No One: Implementation of Reforms in Wittenberg 74

In the Land of the Birds 74

Melanchthon: Teacher of Germany 75

Karlstadt and Proto-Puritanism 76

Bishops, Clerical Marriage, and Strategies for Reform 78

The Gospel and Social Order 84

Suggestions for Further Reading 91

5 Fruits of the Fig Tree: Social Welfare and Education 92

Late Medieval Poor Relief 93

Beyond Charity 94

The Institutionalization of Social Welfare 98

Bugenhagen and the Spread of Evangelical Social Welfare 101

Education for Service to God and Service to the Neighbor 104

The Catechisms and Christian Vocation 106

Was the Early Reformation a Failure? 108

Suggestions for Further Reading 109

6 The Reformation of the Common Man 111

“Brother Andy” 111

Thomas Müntzer 117

Müntzer’s Origins and Theology 118

Müntzer’s Historical Development 121

On to the Land of Hus 122

The Revolution of the Common Man, 1524–1526 128

The Role of Anticlericalism 130

Luther and the Peasants’ War 131

Suggestions for Further Reading 136

7 The Swiss Connection: Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich 137

The Affair of the Sausages 137

Zwingli’s Beginnings 137

Magistracy and Church in Zurich 140

Zwingli’s Reform Program 141

Excursus: Medieval Sacramental Theology 146

The Marburg Colloquy, 1529 154

Suggestions for Further Reading 159

8 The Sheep against the Shepherds: The Radical Reformations 160

The Anabaptists 161

Excursus: Reformation Understandings of Baptism 164

Zurich Beginnings 168

Anabaptist Multiplicity 173

The Münster Debacle 176

The Subversive Piety of the Spiritualists 179

Suggestions for Further Reading 181

9 Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555: Reforms and Politics 183

The Trail of Worms 183

The Diet of Worms, 1521 185

The Diet of Speyer, 1526 186

The Diet of Speyer, 1529 187

The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, and the Augsburg Confession 188

The Right of Resistance to the Emperor 192

Reformation Ecumenism, War, and the Peace of Augsburg 193

Suggestions for Further Reading 198

10 “The Most Perfect School of Christ”: The Genevan Reformation 199

John Calvin (1509–1564) 199

Journey to Geneva 202

The Reformation in Geneva 204

Sojourn in Strasbourg 206

Geneva under Calvin, 1541–1564 210

Calvin’s Consolidation of His Authority 212

The Servetus Case 215

Protestant Mission and Evangelism: The “International Conspiracy” 218

Suggestions for Further Reading 220

11 Refuge in the Shadow of God’s Wings: The Reformation in France 221

The Shield of Humanism 221

Evangelical Progress and Persecution 224

Calvin’s Influence in France 226

The Colloquy of Poissy, 1561 231

The Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 232

The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 234

“Paris is Worth a Mass” 237

Suggestions for Further Reading 238

12 The Blood of the Martyrs: The Reformation in the Netherlands 239

“La Secte Lutheriane” 241

Dissident Movements 242

The Rise of Calvinism and the Spanish Reaction 243

A Godly Society? 246

Suggestions for Further Reading 247

13 The Reformations in England and Scotland 248

Anticlericalism and Lutheran Beginnings 249

The King’s Great Matter 255

Passions, Politics, and Piety 257

Edward VI and Protestant Progress 259

Mary Tudor and Protestant Regress 261

Elizabeth I and the Via Media 263

Mary Stuart (1542–1587) and the Reformation in Scotland 267

Suggestions for Further Reading 271

14 Reformations in East-Central Europe 272

Bohemia 276

Livonia 277

Prussia and Poland 278

Antitrinitarian Developments 281

Slovakia and Hungary 283

Suggestions for Further Reading 288

15 Catholic Renewal and the Counter-Reformation 289

Late Medieval Renewal Movements 289

The Index and the Inquisition 295

Loyola and the Society of Jesus 299

The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 304

Suggestions for Further Reading 310

Electronic Resources 310

16 Legacies of the Reformations 311

Confessionalization 311

Politics 314

Culture 318

The Reformations and Women 318

Toleration and the “Other” 323

Economics, Education, and Science 328

Literature and the Arts 330

Back to the Future: The Reformations and Modernity 336

Suggestions for Further Reading 338

Electronic Resources 338

Chronology 339

Genealogies 345

The House of Valois and Bourbon, to 1610 346

The family of Charles V 347

The English crown, 1485–1603 348

Ottoman sultans, 1451–1648 349

Popes, 1492–1605 350

Maps 351

Europe about 1500 325

Germany at the time of the Reformations 353

The Empire of Charles V 354

The Ottoman Empire 355

The Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires 356

Religious divisions in Europe about 1600 357

Glossary 358

Appendix: Aids to Reformation Studies 361

Bibliography 364

Index 403

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