The Evolution of Biological Disarmament

The evolution of the disarmament regime of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) is described from 1980, when the first BTWC Review Conference was held, until 1998. The author analyses the results of our first four review Conferences; the meetings of the Ad Hoc Group ofGovernmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint; the 1994 Special Conference; the current negotiations of the Ad Hoc Group to produce an additional protocol the BTWC, which may include verification measures; handling of the 1997Cuban allegation of US biological warfare; and the implementation of Article X of the BTWC on international transfers and cooperation for peaceful purposes. The strength of the BTWC regime is assessed in the light of its evolution through the review process and its changing contents, includingRussia's admission that it had inherited an offensive biological weapon programme. The book applies an original sector-by-sector approach to its analysis of the BTWC, studied in a long-term perspective.

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

viii

Acronyms and abbreviations

x

A treaty regime in full evolution

1

(22)

Introduction

1

(1)

Compliance

1

(1)

Development

1

(1)

Permanence

2

(1)

Perspective

2

(1)

Setting the scene

3

(1)

A short negotiating history of the BTWC

3

(2)

Obligations

5

(2)

Review and reinforcement

7

(1)

Participation

8

(4)

The 1992 Moscow Joint Statement and the trilateral process

12

(5)

The evolving concept of a disarmament treaty regime

17

(4)

The Canadian concept: a compliance regime

21

(1)

The convergence of sectoral regimes

22

(1)

Obligations of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

6

(4)

Number of states parties to the BTWC, 26 March 1975-20 July 1999

10

(13)

The regime of compliance: the original elements

23

(38)

Introduction

23

(1)

Functional substitutes for verification

23

(2)

Original elements in the regime of compliance

25

(1)

National implementation: Article IV

26

(5)

Consultation and cooperation: Article V

31

(1)

The multilateral dimension of Article V

31

(5)

The Article V contingency mechanism in action: Thrips palmi in Cuba

36

(14)

The bilateral dimension of Article V

50

(2)

The significance of Article V

52

(1)

The complaint procedure: Article VI

53

(5)

Assistance: Article VII

58

(2)

Conclusions

60

(1)

The regime of compliance: the addition of confidence-building measures

61

(21)

Origins of the subsidiary regime of confidence-building measures

61

(3)

The Second Review Conference, 1986

64

(2)

Implementation of the first CBMs, 1987-91

66

(1)

The Third Review Conference, 1991

67

(1)

CBMs not adopted at the Third Review Conference

68

(2)

CBMs adopted, enhanced or expanded at the Third Review Conference

70

(3)

Expectations of the enhanced CBM programme

73

(1)

Analysis of the first returns under the new CBM programme

74

(4)

CBMs in the regime of compliance

78

(2)

CBMs at the Fourth Review Conference, 1996

80

(1)

Conclusions

81

(1)

Vaccine production facility declarations under confidence-building measure G of the BTWC, as of 1 June 1992

75

(7)

The regime of compliance: the addition of verification measures

82

(37)

Introduction

82

(1)

Verification in perspective

83

(1)

Verification at the 1986 Second Review Conference

84

(3)

The outcome of the Second Review Conference

87

(1)

Follow-up to the Second Review Conference

88

(2)

Verification proposals, 1986-91

90

(3)

Verification at the 1991 Third Review Conference

93

(1)

Negotiation of the VEREX group

94

(1)

Negotiation of the VEREX mandate

95

(3)

The Western Group and US approaches to VEREX

98

(2)

The VEREX Final Report

100

(3)

The 1994 Special Conference

103

(6)

The outcome of the Special Conference

109

(2)

Proposals for verification institutions

111

(1)

Establishment of the Ad Hoc Group in 1995

112

(1)

The United States and verification

112

(2)

Verification issues in the Ad Hoc Group

114

(2)

Conclusions

116

(3)

The regime of development

119

(32)

Introduction

119

(1)

Article X

119

(31)

Conclusions

150

(1)

The regime of permanence

151

(20)

Introduction

151

(1)

Withdrawal of Geneva Protocol reservations

152

(10)

Emergence of an international legal norm

162

(4)

Perpetuation of quinquennial review conferences

166

(3)

Conclusions

169

(2)

Towards convergence: the treaty regime and its future

171

(21)

The evolution of the treaty regime and its sectoral regimes

171

(2)

Towards convergence

173

(1)

An evolutionary approach for a fragile organism

174

(1)

Remedying the institutional deficit of the BTWC

174

(2)

Comparison of two regimes

176

(3)

The BTWC and a regime of research

179

(3)

Convergence of interests

182

(3)

Prevention of disease proposals

185

(1)

Transparency and accountability

186

(3)

Ethical challenge and moral choice

189

(3)

Annexe A. The 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

192

(3)

Annexe B. The 1925 Geneva Protocol

195

(1)

Annexe C. Signatories to the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

196

(2)

Annexe D. Parties to the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

198

(3)

SIPRI publications on CBW

201

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Evolution of Biological Disarmament

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials