Exercise Testing and Prescription : A Health-Related Approach

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ISBN: 9780073044743 | 0073044741
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/31/2006

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This comprehensive text provides coverage of fitness assessment concepts, hands-on prescription applications, and a thorough preparation for ACSM certification exams. Exercise testing and prescription are presented within a health-related context that provides the latest research findings on exercise and nutrition, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and aging.

Preface

xvii

PART I Trends and Definitions

(44)

Health and Fitness Trends

(27)

Trends in Health

(1)

The Dimensions of Health

(1)

The Health Continuum

(1)

The Healthy People Initiative

(4)

The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health

(1)

Exercise and Physical Fitness in America

(1)

A Brief Historical Review

(1)

The Contemporary Fitness Movement

(2)

Current Activity Levels of American Adults

(3)

Future Challenges

(1)

Youth Fitness Studies

(2)

Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People

(1)

Worksite Health-Promotion and Fitness Activities

(2)

Benefits of Worksite Exercise Programs

(1)

Predicted Future Growth for Worksite Health Programs

(1)

Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity in America

(1)

Population-Based Strategies

(3)

Personal Factors

(1)

The Exercise Regimen

(1)

The Environment

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(4)

Physical Fitness Activity 1.1: What Is Your Personal Exercise Program?

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 1.2: Using the Internet to Explore Health and Fitness

(2)

Physical Fitness Defined

(15)

Physical Activity

(2)

Exercise

(1)

A Comprehensive Approach to Physical Fitness

(1)

The Meaning of Physical Fitness

(1)

The Elements of Health-Related Physical Fitness

(6)

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

(1)

Body Composition

(1)

Musculoskeletal Fitness

(5)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 2.1: Ranking Activities by Health-Related Value

(3)

PART II Screening and Testing

(154)

Testing Concepts

(30)

Preparticipation Health Screening

(2)

Using Screening Results for Risk Stratification

(2)

Contraindications for Exercise and Exercise Testing

(1)

Cardiovascular Screening of Competitive Athletes

(2)

Informed Consent

(1)

Health/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines

(5)

Concepts and Purposes in Physical Fitness Testing

(1)

Physical Fitness Testing Batteries

(1)

Recommended Order for Fitness-Evaluation Tests

(1)

Health-Related Fitness Testing Batteries

(2)

YMCA

(1)

Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness & Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA)

(1)

AAHPERD: Health-Related Fitness Test for College Students

(1)

Fitnessgram®

(1)

The President's Challenge

(4)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 3.1: Are You Ready to Exercise?

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 3.2: Medical/Health Questionnaire

(6)

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

(46)

Resting and Exercise Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Determination

(1)

Resting Blood Pressure

(2)

Exercise Blood Pressure

(1)

Resting Heart Rate

(1)

Exercise Heart Rate

(1)

Nonexercise Test VO2max Prediction Equations

(1)

Field Tests for Cardiorespiratory Fitness

(3)

Submaximal Laboratory Tests

(1)

Step Tests

(3)

The Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test

(2)

The YMCA 3-Minute Step Test

(1)

Other Step Tests

(1)

ACSM Bench-Stepping Equation

(1)

Treadmill Submaximal Laboratory Tests

(1)

Cycle Ergometer Submaximal Laboratory Tests

(3)

A Description of Cycle Ergometers

(1)

The YMCA Submaximal Cycle Test

(1)

Cycling Equations

(1)

Maximal Laboratory Tests

(1)

Maximal Graded Exercise Treadmill Test Protocols

(5)

Treadmill Equations for Predicting VO2max

(1)

Maximal Treadmill Test for College Students

(1)

ACSM Equations for Estimating VO2 for Walking and Running

(1)

Maximal Graded Exercise Cycle Test Protocols

100

(1)

The Astrand Maximal Cycle Protocol

100

(1)

The Storer--Davis Maximal Cycle Protocol

100

(1)

The Wingate Anaerobic Test

100

(1)

When to Terminate the Maximal GXT-ECG Test

101

(2)

Emergency Procedures

103

(1)

Personnel

103

(4)

Summary

107

(1)

Review Questions

108

(4)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.1: Practical Use of the ACSM Equations

112

(4)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.2: Cardiorespiratory Endurance Testing

116

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.3: Measurement of Your Resting Heart Rate

118

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.4: Measurement of Your Resting Blood Pressure

119

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.5: Estimation of VO2max Using an Equation

120

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.6: The 1-Mile Walk Test

121

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 4.7: A Step Test for College Students

122

(1)

Body Composition

123

(48)

Body Composition Terminology

123

(3)

Height and Weight Measurements

126

(1)

Historical Review of Height-Weight Tables

126

(2)

Relative Weight

128

(1)

Measuring Body Weight

129

(3)

Measuring Height

132

(1)

Measuring Frame Size

132

(1)

Body Mass Index

132

(6)

Skinfold Measurements

138

(4)

Rules for Taking Skinfolds

142

(4)

One-Site Skinfold Test

146

(1)

Two-Site Skinfold Test for Children, Youths, and College-Age Adults

147

(2)

Multiple Skinfold Tests for Adults

149

(3)

Underwater Weighing

152

(1)

Equipment

152

(1)

Procedures

153

(2)

Bioelectrical Impedance

155

(2)

Near-Infrared Light Interactance

157

(1)

Topography of the Human Body

158

(4)

Summary

162

(1)

Review Questions

163

(5)

Physical Fitness Activity 5.1: Measurement of Body Composition

168

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 5.2: Case Study: Providing Body Composition Counseling for a Female Track and Field Athlete

170

(1)

Musculoskeletal Fitness

171

(28)

Muscular Fitness

171

(1)

Health-Related Benefits of Musculoskeletal Fitness

171

(1)

Prevention and Treatment of Low-Back Pain

172

(2)

Risk Factors for Low-Back Pain

174

(2)

Treatment of Low-Back Pain with Exercise

176

(1)

Tests for Muscular Endurance and Strength

177

(1)

Abdominal Tests: Bent-Knee Sit-Ups and Partial Curl-Ups

177

(2)

Pull-Ups

179

(1)

The Traditional Pull-Up

179

(1)

The Modified Pull-Up

179

(1)

Flexed-Arm Hang

180

(1)

Push-Ups

180

(1)

Males

180

(1)

Females

180

(1)

Grip Strength Test with Hand Dynamometer

181

(1)

Bench-Press Strength and Endurance Tests

182

(1)

Bench-Press 1-RM Test for Strength

182

(1)

YMCA Bench-Press Test for Muscular Endurance

182

(1)

Parallel-Bar Dips

183

(1)

Flexibility Testing

184

(1)

Shoulder Flexibility Test

185

(1)

Trunk Rotation Flexibility Test

186

(1)

Vertical Jump

186

(4)

Summary

190

(1)

Review Questions

190

(5)

Physical Fitness Activity 6.1: Rating Your Posture

195

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 6.2: Assessment of Muscular Fitness

197

(2)

PART III Conditioning for Physical Fitness

199

(168)

The Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise

201

(29)

Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise

201

(1)

Increase of Heart Rate

201

(1)

Increase of Stroke Volume

202

(1)

Increase in Cardiac Output

203

(1)

Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

203

(1)

Increase in VO2

203

(2)

Increased Systolic BP; Diastolic BP Unchanged

205

(1)

Increase in Minute Ventilation

206

(1)

Increased Blood Flow to Active Muscle Areas

207

(1)

Changes in Respiratory Exchange Ratio

208

(1)

Chronic Adaptations to Regular Exercise

209

(1)

Changes That Occur in Skeletal Muscles as a Result of Aerobic Training

209

(1)

Major Cardiorespiratory Changes from Exercise Training When at Rest

210

(1)

Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Submaximal Exercise

211

(1)

Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Maximal Exercise

212

(1)

Other Physiological Changes with Aerobic Exercise

213

(1)

Changes That Occur in Muscles Due to Strength Training

214

(2)

The Effects of Gender, Age, and Heredity

216

(1)

The Influence of Gender

216

(2)

The Influence of Age

218

(1)

The Influence of Heredity

219

(1)

The Effects of Inactivity

219

(3)

Summary

222

(1)

Review Questions

222

(6)

Physical Fitness Activity 7.1: Labeling Figures That Depict Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise

228

(2)

Exercise Prescription

230

(51)

Physical Activity Pyramid

235

(2)

The Individualized Approach

237

(1)

Cardiorespiratory Endurance/Body Composition

237

(1)

Warm-Up

237

(3)

The Aerobic Session

240

(16)

Frequency

240

(1)

Intensity

241

(7)

Time

248

(1)

Mode of Exercise

249

(4)

Rate of Progression

253

(1)

Systems of Cardiorespiratory Training

253

(1)

The Question of Supervision

253

(3)

Warm-Down (Cool-Down)

256

(1)

Musculoskeletal Conditioning

256

(1)

Flexibility Exercises

256

(2)

Factors That Influence Flexibility

257

(1)

Flexible Benefits

257

(1)

Static Stretching

258

(1)

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

258

(1)

Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercises

258

(12)

Principles of Weight Training

260

(1)

Systems of Muscular Strength and Endurance Training

261

(9)

Summary

270

(1)

Review Questions

270

(7)

Physical Fitness Activity 8.1: The Activity Pyramid: How Do You Rate?

277

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 8.2: Your Aerobic Exercise Program

278

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 8.3: Your Flexibility Exercise Program

279

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 8.4: Your Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercise Program

280

(1)

Nutrition and Performance

281

(86)

Nutrition Basics

282

(1)

Essential Nutrients

282

(2)

Guidelines for Nutrient Intake: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

284

(4)

Dietary Guidelines for Health and Disease Prevention

288

(1)

Weight Management; Physical Activity

288

(1)

Key Recommendations

288

(1)

Food Groups to Encourage

289

(5)

Key Recommendations

289

(5)

Carbohydrates

294

(2)

Key Recommendations

294

(2)

Food Safety

296

(1)

Key Recommendations

296

(1)

Fats

297

(2)

Key Recommendations

297

(2)

Adequate Nutrients within Calorie Needs

299

(1)

Key Recommendations

299

(1)

Sodium and Potassium

300

(1)

Key Recommendations

300

(1)

Alcoholic Beverages

301

(1)

Key Recommendations

301

(1)

Principle 1: Prudent Diet Is the Cornerstone

302

(1)

Dietary Practices of Athletes

302

(3)

Principle 2: Increase Total Energy Intake

305

(1)

Athletes Expend Large Amounts of Energy

305

(1)

Energy and ATP Production

306

(3)

Principle 3: Keep the Dietary Carbohydrate Intake High (55--70%) during Training

309

(1)

The Importance of Carbohydrate during Heavy Training

310

(2)

Practical Implications for Athletes

312

(2)

Principle 4: Drink Large Amounts of Fluids during Training and the Event

314

(1)

The Importance of Water for Temperature Regulation during Exercise

314

(7)

Should Electrolytes and Carbohydrates Be Used during Exercise?

321

(2)

Principle 5: Keep a Close Watch on Possible Iron Deficiency

323

(1)

The Problem of Iron Deficiency

323

(2)

Practical Implications for Athletes

325

(1)

Principle 6: Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Are Not Needed

326

(1)

Lack of Evidence for Benefits

327

(1)

Evidence of Possible Problems with High Intake

328

(1)

Principle 7: Protein Supplements Do Not Benefit the Athlete

329

(1)

Changes in Protein Metabolism during Exercise

329

(2)

Practical Implications for Athletes

331

(2)

Principle 8: Rest and Emphasize Carbohydrates before Long Endurance Events

333

(1)

How to Carbohydrate Load before the Big Event

333

(1)

The Pre-Event Meal

334

(1)

Principle 9: Use of Ergogenic Aids Is Unethical

335

(1)

Categories of Ergogenic Aids

336

(8)

Miscellaneous Nutritional Aids

336

(3)

Use of Caffeine to Improve Performance in Long Endurance Events

339

(1)

Soda Loading for Anaerobic Exercise

340

(1)

Blood Boosting and Doping for Endurance

340

(1)

Steroids and Steroid-Like Compounds

341

(2)

Creatine Supplementation

343

(1)

Principle 10: Fat Loading Is Not Recommended for Enhanced Performance or Health

344

(3)

Summary

347

(1)

Review Questions

348

(13)

Physical Fitness Activity 9.1: Rating Your Diet with MyPyramid

361

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 9.2: Analyzing Your Energy and Nutrient Intake

363

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 9.3: Case Study: Female Vegetarian Fitness Enthusiast with Anemia

365

(2)

PART IV Physical Activity and Disease

367

(330)

Heart Disease

369

(78)

Heart Disease

369

(5)

Coronary Heart Disease

374

(1)

Stroke

375

(3)

Trends in Cardiovascular Disease

378

(1)

Risk Factors for Heart Disease

379

(2)

Treatment of Heart Disease

381

(2)

Can Atherosclerosis Be Reversed Without Surgery?

383

(1)

Cigarette Smoking

383

(1)

A Leading Cause of Death

383

(1)

Recent Trends

384

(3)

Smokeless Tobacco

387

(1)

Smoking Cessation

387

(1)

Exercise and Tobacco

388

(2)

Hypertension

390

(1)

Health Problems

391

(1)

Treatment of Hypertension

391

(1)

Lifestyle Modifications to Lower Blood Pressure

392

(9)

Weight Control

392

(1)

Reduced Sodium Chloride Intake

392

(4)

Moderation of Alcohol Intake

396

(3)

Physical Activity

399

(2)

High Blood Cholesterol

401

(1)

Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol

401

(1)

Description of Lipoproteins

402

(2)

Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

404

(11)

Diet and Other Lifestyle Measures

405

(7)

Role of Exercise

412

(3)

Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention

415

(3)

Exercise and Stroke Prevention

418

(4)

Summary

422

(1)

Review Questions

423

(13)

Physical Fitness Activity 10.1: Heart Disease Risk

436

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 10.2: Coronary Heart Disease Risk

438

(3)

Physical Fitness Activity 10.3: Stroke Risk

441

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 10.4: Testing for Alcoholism

443

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 10.5: How ``Heart Healthy'' Is Your Diet?

444

(3)

Cancer

447

(34)

Cancer Statistics

448

(8)

Cancer Prevention

456

(6)

Physical Activity and Cancer

462

(1)

Inactivity as a Risk Factor for Cancer

462

(1)

Physical Activity and Colon Cancer

463

(2)

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer

465

(2)

Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer

467

(3)

Summary

470

(1)

Review Questions

471

(6)

Physical Fitness Activity 11.1: Test Your Risk from UV Radiation

477

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 11.2: Eating Smart for Cancer Prevention

478

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 11.3: Estimating Your Cancer Risk

480

(1)

Diabetes

481

(31)

Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus

481

(1)

Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus

482

(1)

Complications of Diabetes

482

(4)

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

486

(1)

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

486

(1)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

487

(1)

Testing and Diagnosis

487

(3)

Impaired Fasting Glucose or Pre-Diabetes

488

(1)

Risk Factors and Screening for Diabetes

488

(1)

Special Recommendations for Pregnant Women

488

(2)

Lifestyle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

490

(1)

Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

491

(3)

Prevention, Delay, and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

494

(2)

Prevention/Delay of Type 2 Diabetes

496

(1)

Exercise and Diabetes

496

(1)

Physical Activity and Risk of Developing Diabetes

497

(1)

The Role of Exercise in Treatment of Diabetes

498

(8)

Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise

499

(1)

Exercise Precautions for Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes

499

(2)

Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise

501

(5)

Summary

506

(1)

Review Questions

507

(4)

Physical Fitness Activity 12.1: Assessing Your Diabetes Risk Score

511

(1)

Obesity

512

(58)

Health Risks of Obesity

515

(4)

Theories of Obesity

519

(1)

Genetic and Parental Influences

519

(1)

High Energy Intake

520

(3)

Low Energy Expenditure

523

(5)

Resting Metabolic Rate

524

(2)

Physical Activity

526

(2)

Thermic Effect of Food

528

(1)

Treatment of Obesity

528

(1)

Treatment Is Challenging

529

(1)

Weight Loss Maintenance

530

(1)

Conservative Treatment Guidelines

531

(1)

Gastric-Reduction Surgery

531

(4)

Drug Therapy

535

(1)

Very-Low-Calorie Diets

536

(2)

Weight Loss Programs and Methods

538

(1)

The Role of Exercise during Weight Loss

538

(6)

Misconception 1: Aerobic Exercise Accelerates Weight Loss Significantly, When Combined with a Reducing Diet

539

(3)

Misconception 2: Exercise Causes the Resting Metabolic Rate to Stay Elevated for a Long Time After the Bout, Burning Extra Calories

542

(1)

Misconception 3: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Resting Metabolic Rate

543

(1)

Misconception 4: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Fat-Free Mass

543

(1)

Benefits of Exercise for Weight Loss

544

(2)

Exercise Prescription and Precautions for the Obese

546

(5)

Summary

551

(1)

Review Questions

552

(10)

Physical Fitness Activity 13.1: Calculating Your Energy Expenditure

562

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 13.2: Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate and Total Energy Expenditure

564

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 13.3: Counting the Calories and Fat Crams from Fast Food

565

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 13.4: Monitoring Your Dietary Habits

566

(2)

Food Physical Fitness Activity 13.5: Eating Disorder Checksheet

568

(2)

Psychological Health

570

(43)

Mental Health

570

(4)

The Meaning of Stress

574

(1)

Ill Effects of High Stress and Poor Mental Health

575

(1)

Stress Management Principles

576

(3)

Control Stressors

576

(2)

Let the Mind Choose the Reaction

578

(1)

Seek the Social Support of Others

578

(1)

Find Satisfaction in Work and Service

578

(1)

Keep Physically Healthy

578

(1)

Physical Activity and Stress

579

(1)

Controlled Studies on Exercise and Mental Health

579

(1)

Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress

580

(1)

Depression

580

(1)

Anxiety

581

(1)

Mood State

581

(1)

Self-Esteem

582

(1)

Mental Cognition

582

(1)

Mechanisms: How Physical Activity Helps Psychological Health

583

(1)

Cognitive-Behavioral Hypothesis

583

(1)

Social Interaction Hypothesis

583

(1)

Time-Out/Distraction Hypothesis

583

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness Hypothesis

583

(1)

Monoamine Neurotransmitter Hypothesis

584

(1)

Endogenous Opioid Hypothesis

584

(1)

Precautions: Exercise Addiction, Mood Disturbance, and Sleep Disruption

585

(1)

Practical Implications

585

(5)

Summary

590

(1)

Review Questions

591

(6)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.1: The General Well-Being Schedule

597

(4)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.2: Life Hassles and Stress

601

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.3: Depression

603

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.4: Controlling Stressors

604

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.5: Stress and Life Change: Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ)

605

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.6: Are You Overly Anxious?

606

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.7: Serious Psychological Distress

607

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 14.8: Do You Have Problems with Sleep?

608

(5)

Aging, Osteoporosis, and Arthritis

613

(49)

The Aging Process

617

(1)

Health Habits and Aging

618

(1)

Exercise and Aging

619

(1)

VO2max and the Aging Process

619

(4)

Physical Training by the Elderly

623

(3)

Cardiorespiratory Training

623

(2)

Muscular Strength and Resistance Training

625

(1)

Body Composition Changes

626

(1)

Physical Activity and Life Expectancy

626

(1)

Osteoporosis

627

(1)

Detection of Osteoporosis

628

(1)

Risk Factors

629

(1)

Medications for Treatment

629

(3)

Nutrition

632

(1)

The Role of Physical Activity

632

(6)

Arthritis

638

(1)

Common Types of Arthritis

639

(1)

Risk Factors for Arthritis

640

(1)

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

640

(1)

Modifiable Risk Factors

640

(1)

Treatment

641

(1)

The Role of Exercise

642

(2)

Exercise Benefits

644

(1)

Potential Exercise Training Complications

645

(1)

Osteoarthritis and Wear and Tear

646

(1)

Summary

647

(1)

Review Questions

648

(9)

Physical Fitness Activity 15.1: Health Check

657

(2)

Physical Fitness Activity 15.2: Osteoporosis---Are You at Risk for Weak Bones?

659

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 15.3: Health Risk Appraisal on the Internet

660

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 15.4: Calculating Your Calcium Intake

661

(1)

Exercise Risks

662

(35)

Musculoskeletal Injuries

662

(1)

Running Injuries

662

(3)

The Extent of the Problem

662

(1)

Factors Associated with Injuries

663

(2)

Aerobic-Dance Injuries

665

(2)

Bicycling Injuries

667

(1)

Swimming Injuries

667

(1)

Management of Overuse Injuries

667

(2)

Potential Problems of Excess Exercise for Women

669

(1)

The Female Athlete Triad

669

(2)

Exercise and Pregnancy

671

(1)

Heat Injuries

672

(1)

Heat Cramps

672

(1)

Heat Exhaustion

672

(1)

Heat Stroke

673

(1)

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

674

(1)

Measuring Temperature for Exercise Risk

674

(1)

Environmental Pollution

674

(2)

Sudden Death from Heart Attack

676

(1)

The Saga of Jim Fixx

676

(1)

Exercise and Heart Attack: A Double-Edged Sword

676

(2)

Risk for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

678

(2)

Exercise-Induced Asthma

680

(1)

Prevalence of Asthma

680

(1)

Prevention Guidelines

681

(1)

Exercise-Induced Asthma Symptoms and Phases

682

(5)

Summary

687

(1)

Review Questions

687

(7)

Physical Fitness Activity 16.1: Benefits versus Risks of Exercise

694

(1)

Physical Fitness Activity 16.2: Rate Your Foot and Ankle Health

695

(2)

Appendix A Physical Fitness Test Norms

697

(42)

Appendix B Calisthenics for Development of Flexibility and Muscular Strength and Endurance

739

(12)

Appendix C Major Bones, Muscles, and Arteries of the Human Body

751

(5)

Appendix D Compendium of Physical Activities

756

(14)

Glossary

770

(13)

Index

783

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Exercise Testing and Prescription : A Health-Related Approach

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials