Exercise Therapy Prevention and Treatment of Disease

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ISBN: 9781405105279 | 1405105275
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/11/2005

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Though exercise has been the mainstay of musculoskeletal physiotherapy for decades, its value in other systems of the body, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological has emerged in recent years. This trend is being increasingly reflected in degree curricula. This novel textbook is designed predominantly for physiotherapists and offers a dynamic insight into the applications of exercise therapy across the body's systems in disease management and health promotion. The focus on exercise as a crucial modality in preventing and treating disease will attract readers following courses in sport & exercise science and physical activity as well as physiotherapy. The book will also appeal to practitioners, particularly those pursuing post-qualification courses in rehabilitation.

Preface

Acknowledgements

xvi

Contributors

xvii

SECTION 1

Introduction

(6)

Juliette Hussey

Exercise as a part of physiotherapy

(1)

Exercise recommendations for health

(1)

Physical activity and its health benefits

(1)

How physical activity levels have decreased

(1)

The future

(1)

References

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Cardiovascular responses to exercise

(18)

Christopher Bell

Saoirse E. O'Sullivan

Introduction

(3)

Acute exercise

(3)

Muscle blood flow

(1)

Systemic circulatory adjustments

(1)

Pulmonary circulatory adjustments

(1)

Cardiovascular limitations to acute exercise

(2)

Limits to heart rate

(1)

Limits to effective blood volume

(1)

Limits in women and children

(1)

Potentially adverse cardiovascular effects of exercise

(2)

Renal ischaemia

(1)

Haemolysis

(1)

Hyperthermia

(1)

Foetoplacental insufficiency

(1)

Syncope

(1)

Hypertension

(1)

Chronic exercise

(5)

Blood volume changes

(1)

Cardiac changes

(2)

Blood pressure control

(1)

Structural and functional adaptations of the vasculature

(1)

Cardiovascular detraining

(1)

Exercise in the ageing patient

(1)

References

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

Exercise and the pulmonary system

(10)

Stephen J. Lane

Richard J. Hawksworth

Introduction

(1)

The external environment and the lung

(1)

Structure and function of the lung

(1)

Control of ventilation

(2)

Respiratory failure

(1)

Exercise and the pulmonary system

(1)

Changes in the respiratory system with ageing

(1)

Respiratory responses to exercise

(2)

Dead space

(1)

Pulmonary ventilation

(1)

Respiratory work

(1)

Minute ventilation

(1)

Effects of physical activity and training on lung function parameters

(1)

References

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercise and the musculoskeletal system

(22)

Gareth W. Davison

Tony Ashton

Ciara M. Hughes

Introduction

(1)

Skeletal Muscle

(1)

Muscle structure and function

(1)

The muscle fibre

(1)

Human skeletal muscle

(7)

Structure

(2)

Skeletal muscle fibre types

(1)

Skeletal muscle connective tissue

(1)

Muscle innervation by the nervous system

(1)

Action potential conduction and synaptic transmission

(2)

The neuromuscular junction

(1)

Muscle contraction

(1)

Skeletal muscle strength and endurance

(2)

Muscle strength

(2)

Muscle endurance

(1)

Skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic exercise training

(1)

Myoglobin content

(1)

Mitochondrial volume, size and enzymes

(1)

Substrate utilisation

(1)

Skeletal muscle, oxidative stress and antioxidants

(4)

Oxidative stress and exercise

(3)

Enzymatic antioxidant defences

(1)

Non-enzymatic antioxidant defences

(1)

Summary

(1)

Bones and Joints

(1)

Bone and joint structure

(1)

Anatomy of a bone

(1)

Bone histology

(1)

Joint structure

(1)

Bone and joint adaptations to exercise

(2)

Summary

(1)

References

(3)

Exercise in diabetes and obesity

(20)

Donal O 'Gorman

John Nolan

Introduction

(1)

Obesity

(2)

Classification of obesity

(1)

Aetiology of obesity

(1)

Obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

(1)

Type 2 diabetes

(3)

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes

(1)

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

(1)

Aetiology of type 2 diabetes

(1)

Complications associated with type 2 diabetes

(1)

Young type 2 diabetes

(1)

Exercise for obesity and type 2 diabetes

(5)

Body weight and energy balance

(1)

Exercise and weight loss

(1)

Insulin resistance

(1)

Exercise in obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

(1)

Prevention strategies

(2)

The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

(1)

The Diabetes Prevention Program

(1)

Exercise prescription for obese and type 2 diabetes patients

(3)

Needs analysis and goal setting

(1)

Screening prior to exercise prescription

(1)

Exercise prescription in type 2 diabetes

(1)

A case study of exercise prescription in type 2 diabetes

(1)

References

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

SECTION 2

Measurement of physical fitness and habitual physical activity

(26)

Juliette Hussey

Introduction

(1)

Exercise testing

(9)

Exercise testing in the laboratory

(4)

Exercise tests in the field/clinical setting

(1)

Monitoring exercise responses

(2)

Screening and Safety

(2)

Muscle strength

(1)

Flexibility

(1)

Anthropometry

(1)

Measurement of habitual physical activity

(7)

Observation

(1)

Self report/diaries/questionnaires

(3)

Motion sensors

(2)

Heart rate monitoring

(1)

Summary

(1)

Appendix 6.1

(2)

References

101

(4)

Guidelines for exercise prescription

105

(13)

Juliette Hussey

Introduction

105

(1)

Safety and pre-participation screening

105

(1)

Exercise prescription

106

(2)

Principles of exercise prescription for increasing and/or maintaining fitness

108

(3)

Intensity

108

(1)

Duration

109

(1)

Frequency

110

(1)

FITT principles

110

(1)

Warm up, cool down and stretching

110

(1)

Muscle strengthening exercises

111

(1)

Guidelines for exercise prescription in the elderly and children

111

(3)

Elderly

111

(1)

Children and adolescents

112

(2)

Exercise prescription for diseases/conditions not referred to elsewhere in this book

114

(1)

Renal disease

114

(1)

Chronic fatigue syndrome

114

(1)

HIV

114

(1)

Cancer

115

(1)

Psychological well-being

115

(1)

Learning disability

115

(1)

References

115

(2)

Bibliography

117

(1)

Exercise in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease

118

(17)

John Gormley

Introduction

118

(1)

The problem of cardiovascular disease

119

(1)

Cardiovascular diseases

119

(2)

Diseases of the heart

120

(1)

Cerebrovascular disease

121

(1)

Peripheral vascular disease

121

(1)

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

121

(3)

Non-modifiable risk factors

121

(1)

Modifiable risk factors

122

(2)

Exercise as a preventative measure for cardiovascular disease

124

(1)

Hyperlipidaemia

125

(1)

Hypertension

125

(1)

Exercise in the treatment of myocardial infarction (cardiac rehabilitation)

125

(5)

Exercise test

127

(2)

Phase III

129

(1)

Phase IV

130

(1)

Exercise in the treatment of other cardiovascular disease

130

(1)

References

131

(3)

Bibliography

134

(1)

Exercise in the treatment of respiratory disease

135

(34)

Brenda O'Neill

Judy M. Bradley

Fidelma Moran

Introduction

135

(5)

The abnormal response to exercise in patients with respiratory disease

135

(5)

Evidence of benefit of exercise in respiratory disease

140

(2)

Exercise testing and assessment of outcome in respiratory disease

142

(5)

Maximal versus sub-maximal exercise tests

142

(1)

Clinical laboratory testing in respiratory disease

143

(1)

Field exercise tests in respiratory disease

144

(1)

Peak tests

144

(1)

Sub-maximal tests

145

(2)

General principles for exercise testing in respiratory disease

147

(2)

Training required

147

(1)

Indications for stopping exercise test

148

(1)

Other outcome measures used in the evaluation of exercise training for respiratory conditions

149

(2)

General principles of exercise training and prescription in respiratory disease

151

(12)

Intensity

151

(1)

Frequency and duration of exercise sessions

152

(1)

Type of exercise

152

(1)

Duration of exercise programmes

153

(1)

Precautions to exercise in respiratory disease

154

(1)

Monitoring during exercise in respiratory patients

154

(1)

Pulmonary rehabilitation

155

(3)

Special considerations for exercise in respiratory disease

158

(5)

Conclusion

163

(1)

References

163

(5)

Bibliography

168

(1)

Exercise in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease

169

(20)

Fiona Wilson-O'Toole

Introduction

169

(1)

Exercise in the management of inflammatory arthropathies

170

(3)

Aerobic training

170

(1)

Range of movement exercises

171

(1)

Strengthening exercises

172

(1)

Flexibility

172

(1)

Exercise in water

173

(1)

Exercise in the management of osteoporosis

173

(3)

Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis

173

(1)

Aerobic training

174

(1)

Strengthening exercises

174

(1)

Flexibility and range of movement exercises

175

(1)

Proprioceptive and balance training

175

(1)

Exercise in the management of osteoarthritis

176

(4)

Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis

177

(1)

Aerobic training

177

(1)

Strengthening exercises

178

(2)

Flexibility and range of movement exercises

180

(1)

Proprioceptive and balance training

180

(1)

Exercise in the treatment of low back pain

180

(4)

Aerobic training

181

(1)

Strengthening exercises

181

(2)

Flexibility and range of movement exercises

183

(1)

Proprioceptive and balance training

184

(1)

References

184

(5)

Exercise as part of the multidisciplinary management of adults and children with obesity

189

(16)

Alison Quinn

Juliette Hussey

Introduction

189

(1)

Understanding obesity

189

(1)

Health risks of obesity

190

(1)

Treatment of adults with obesity

191

(5)

Physiotherapy management of the adult with obesity

192

(2)

Exercise prescription

194

(1)

Monitoring/review

195

(1)

Exercise prescription following surgery

196

(1)

Treatment of children with obesity

196

(4)

Physiotherapy management of the child

198

(2)

The fit/fat debate

200

(1)

Prevention of obesity

200

(1)

Exercise treatment in type 2 diabetes

200

(1)

Exercise treatment in type 1 diabetes

201

(1)

References

202

(2)

Bibliography

204

(1)

Exercise in treatment of stroke and other neurological conditions

205

(23)

Margaret Brownlee

Brian Durward

Introduction

205

(1)

Stroke

205

(1)

Strength deficits in stroke patients

206

(3)

Evidence of strength deficits in stroke patients

206

(1)

Factors contributing to strength deficits in stroke

207

(2)

Measurement of strength

209

(1)

Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale

209

(1)

Hand held dynamometry (HHD)

209

(1)

Isokinetic dynamometry

209

(1)

Distribution of weakness in stroke patients

210

(1)

Strength training following stroke

211

(3)

Strength training and spasticity

211

(1)

Effects of strength training

212

(2)

Cardiorespiratory deficits in stroke

214

(1)

Co-morbid deficits

214

(1)

Resultant deficits

215

(1)

Measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness

215

(1)

Aerobic exercise following stroke

215

(3)

Effects of aerobic training

216

(2)

Exercise in other neurological conditions

218

(4)

Spinal cord injury

218

(1)

Traumatic brain injury

219

(1)

Parkinson's disease

220

(1)

Multiple sclerosis

221

(1)

References

222

(5)

Bibliography

227

(1)

Adherence to exercise

228

(12)

John Gormley

Introduction

228

(1)

The definition of adherence

228

(2)

Patient factors

230

(2)

Age

230

(1)

Gender

230

(1)

Socio-economic group

231

(1)

Fear

231

(1)

Patient perceptions and beliefs

231

(1)

Social support

232

(1)

Programme factors

232

(2)

Personnel

232

(1)

Education

232

(1)

Individualised attention

233

(1)

Group dynamics

233

(1)

Logistics of a programme

234

(1)

The exercise prescription

234

(3)

Frequency

234

(1)

Duration

235

(1)

Intensity

235

(1)

Behavioural change

235

(2)

References

237

(2)

Bibliography

239

(1)

Promoting physical activity: building sustainable interventions

240

(17)

Lindsey Dugdill

Rebecca Graham

Introduction

240

(1)

Rationale for the promotion of physically active lifestyles

241

(1)

Strategies for changing physical activity behaviour

241

(1)

Promoting physical activity in different settings

242

(1)

Socio-ecological models for physical activity promotion

243

(1)

A European perspective on physical activity promotion: HEPA -- Health Enhancing Physical Activity

244

(1)

Research case study 1: evaluation of the Liverpool Corporate Cup

245

(2)

Rationale for the corporate series

245

(1)

Development of the corporate series

245

(1)

Developing the evidence base: the research design

246

(1)

Research findings

246

(1)

Research case study 2: evaluation of an adult exercise referral scheme, Excel, Sefton, Merseyside

247

(6)

Rationale for primary care based exercise promotion

247

(1)

Excel -- Excel to Health exercise referral intervention

248

(1)

Research design

248

(1)

Research findings

249

(2)

GPs' views and opinions on the Excel programme

251

(1)

Summary of main findings

252

(1)

Conclusions

253

(1)

Acknowledgements

253

(1)

References

253

(4)

Index

257

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Exercise Therapy Prevention and Treatment of Disease

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials