Experiments in Modern Physics

A revision of the leading text on experimental physics. The feature of this book that has made it one of the most loved texts on the subject is that it goes far beyond a mere description of key experiments in physics. The author successfully provides the reader with an understanding and appreciation of the 'physics' behind the experiments. The second edition will be an extensive revision introducing many new devices, including the use of computers and software programs, that have come into use since the publication of the first edition. In addition the important areas of condensed matter physics and optical physics will be added, including two entirely new chapters on lasers and optics.

Preface

xi

Preface from the First Edition

xv

1 Experiments on Quantization

1

(44)

1.1. Introduction

1

(1)

1.2. The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment

2

(8)

1.3. The Frank-Hertz Experiment

10

(10)

1.4. The Hydrogen Spectrum

20

(5)

1.5. Experiment on the Hydrogen Spectrum

25

(8)

1.6. The Spectra of Sodium and Mercury

33

(12)

2 Electrons in Solids

45

(44)

2.1. Solid Materials and Band Structure

45

(9)

2.2. Experiment on the Resistivity of Metals

54

(9)

2.3. Experiment on the Hall Effect

63

(8)

2.4. Semiconductors

71

(10)

2.5. High Tc Superconductors

81

(7)

2.6. References

88

(1)

3 Electronics and Data Acquisition

89

(62)

3.1. Elements of Circuit Theory

89

(15)

3.2. Basic Electronic Equipment

104

(6)

3.3. Oscilloscopes and Digitizers

110

(6)

3.4. Simple Measurements

116

(3)

3.5. Operational Amplifiers

119

(3)

3.6. Measurements of Johnson Noise

122

(11)

3.7. Chaos

133

(11)

3.8. Lock-In Detection

144

(3)

3.9. Computer Interfaces

147

(3)

3.10. References

150

(1)

4 Lasers

151

(28)

4.1. The Principle of Laser Operation

152

(4)

4.2. Properties of Laser Beams

156

(3)

4.3. The HeNe Laser

159

(5)

4.4. Measurement of the Transverse Beam Profile

164

(3)

4.5. The Michelson Interferometer

167

(5)

4.6. The Fabry-Perot Interferometer

172

(7)

5 Optics Experiments

179

(36)

5.1. Introduction

179

(1)

5.2. Diffraction from a Slit

180

(5)

5.3. Calculation of the Diffraction Pattern

185

(3)

5.4. Diffraction from a Circular Aperture

188

(4)

5.5. The Diffraction Grating

192

(6)

5.6. Fourier Optics

198

(3)

5.7. The Faraday Effect

201

(9)

5.8. Berry's Phase

210

(4)

5.9. References

214

(1)

6 High-Resolution Spectroscopy

215

(36)

6.1. Introduction

215

(3)

6.2. The Zeeman Effect

218

(10)

6.3. Hyperfine Structure

228

(8)

6.4. The Line Width

236

(2)

6.5. The Zeeman Effect of the Green Line of 198Hg

238

(5)

6.6. Saturation Absorption Spectroscopy of Rubidium

243

(7)

6.7. References

250

(1)

7 Magnetic Resonance Experiments

251

(44)

7.1. Introduction

251

(4)

7.2. The Rate for Magnetic-Dipole Transitions

255

(7)

7.3. Absorption of Energy by the Nuclear Moments

262

(11)

7.4. Experimental Observation of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Protons

273

(10)

7.5. Electron Spin Resonance

283

(10)

7.6. References

293

(2)

8 Particle Detectors and Radioactive Decay

295

(72)

8.1. General Considerations

295

(3)

8.2. Interactions of Charged Particles and Photons with Matter

298

(22)

8.3. Gaseous Ionization Detectors; the Geiger Counter

320

(13)

8.4. The Scintillation Counter

333

(11)

8.5. Solid-State Detectors

344

(10)

8.6. Nuclear Half-Life Measurements

354

(10)

8.7. References

364

(3)

9 Scattering and Coincidence Experiments

367

(56)

9.1. Introduction

367

(2)

9.2. Compton Scattering

369

(16)

9.3. Mossbauer Effect

385

(14)

9.4. Detection of Cosmic Rays

399

(10)

9.5. y-y Angular Correlation Measurements

409

(14)

10 Elements from the Theory of Statistics

423

(52)

10.1. Definitions

423

(8)

10.2. Frequency Functions of One Variable

431

(14)

10.3. Estimation of Parameters and Fitting of Data

445

(9)

10.4. Errors and Their Propagation

454

(11)

10.5. The Statistics of Nuclear Counting

465

(8)

10.6. References

473

(2)

Appendices

475

(42)

A Students

B A Short Guide to MATLAB

477

(6)

B.1. A MATLAB Review

478

(3)

B.2. Making Fancy Plots in MATLAB

481

(2)

C Laser Safety

483

(2)

D Radioactivity and Radiation Safety

485

(4)

E Optical Detection Techniques

489

(10)

E.1. Photographic Film

489

(1)

E.2. Photomultiplier Tubes

490

(6)

E.3. Photodiodes

496

(3)

F Constants

499

(2)

G Exercises

501

(16)

Index

517

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Experiments in Modern Physics

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials