Exploring Communication Disorders A 21st Century Introduction Through Literature and Media
, by Tanner, Dennis C.
- ISBN: 9781256632184 | 125663218X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 6/6/2012
From the Foreword
Exploring Communication Disorders is an innovative text. It is an incredibly thorough work that provides countless examples that stretch your imagination, warm your heart, and stir your fears. It is comprehensive, easy-to-read, well organized, and immensely appropriate for a college-level text. To that end it is also ideally designed to support a liberal studies course that examines how communication disorders are treated in literature and media. It also provides an inviting way to tell students about the discipline of communication sciences and disorders in an entertaining and engaging manner. Professionals in speech—language pathology and audiology touch the lives of children and adults in very special ways. Students also learn about these professionals, gain a deeper understanding of human communication, and may someday as a result find their way to a career in speech—language pathology or audiology.
Wayne A. Secord, Ph.D.
University of Cincinnati
Dennis C. Tanner is the author of twelve books and many scientific papers, diagnostic tests, and clinical programs. His article, Hooray for Hollywood: Communication Disorders and the Motion Picture Industry, was featured in the ASHA Leader, and he has presented courses on the same topic at conventions of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Dr. Tanner is currently Professor of Health Sciences, Speech-Language Sciences and Technology Program at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has been named Outstanding Educator by the Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions and was the College of Health Professions "Teacher of the Year."
Foreword by Wayne A. Secord xiii
Preface xv
To the Reader xxi
About the Author xxiii
1 Communication Disorders, Literature, Media, and Society 1
Communication Disorders, Literature, and Media in the 21st Century 1
Exploring Communication Disorders through Books, Plays, Current and Classic
Movies, and Public Figures 3
Communication Sciences and Disorders 4
The Communication Chain 5
Categories of Communication Disorders 9
Categories and Definitions of Communication Disorders 10
Fluency Disorders 10
Voice Disorders 11
Articulation and Phonology Disorders 11
Language Disorders in Children 11
Hearing Loss and Deafness 12
Motor Speech Disorders 12
Aphasia in Adults 12
Communication Disorders Resulting From Dementia 12
Communication Disorders Resulting from Head and Neck Injuries 13
Communication Variations and Swallowing Disorders 14
Incidence and Prevalence of Communication Disorders 14
History of the Perception and Treatment of People with Communication
Disorders 17
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 20
International Speech and Hearing Professional Organizations 21
Social Characteristics of Those With Communication Disorders 23
Group Size, Power, and Status 24
Social Visibility and Cohesiveness 25
Economic Disadvantage 25
Social Inclusion through Political and Technological Accommodation 26
Social Perceptions and Stereotypes 27
Literature, Media, and People With Communication Disorders 29
Summary 30
Study Questions 31
Suggested Reading 32
2 Stuttering and Cluttering 33
The Progression of Stuttering 35
Definition of Stuttering 36
Stuttering Behaviors 37
Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering 38
The History of Stuttering 39
Disfluencies and Stuttering in Children 41
Etiology of Stuttering: Theories 43
Psychological Theories of Stuttering 43
Learning Theories of Stuttering 46
Organic Theories of Stuttering 48
Multiple Cause Theory of Stuttering 50
Characteristics of Stuttering 50
Stuttering and Singing 51
Stuttering and Nonthreatening Audiences 51
Stuttering, Speech Cues, and Self-Consciousness 52
Stuttering and Noise 52
Stuttering and Delayed Auditory Feedback 52
Stuttering and Other Variables 52
Key Aspects of Stuttering 53
What Is Heard 53
What Is Seen 53
What Is Felt 55
Effects on Personality 55
The Prevention of Stuttering in Children 57
Strategies for Parents, Teachers, and Pediatricians 57
Effectiveness of Treatment 57
Professional Treatment of Stuttering 59
Types of Therapy 60
Cure Versus Control 60
Treating Essential Aspects of Stuttering 62
Cluttering 68
Literature and Media Stereotypes 69
Summary 70
Study Questions 70
Suggested Reading 71
3 The Human Voice and Its Disorders 72
The Human Resonating System 73
Respiration: The Driving Force for the Voice 74
The Biological Pump 74
Lung Volumes, Pressures, and Capacities 75
The Larynx 75
The Pitch-Changing Mechanism 78
Aerodynamic and Muscular Forces in Voice Production 79
Voice Quality 80
Causes of Differences in Voice Quality 80
Descriptions of Voice Quality 82
Other Terms for Voice Quality 85
Evaluation of Voice Disorders 86
Vocal Cord Paralysis 87
Cancer and Other Diseases of the Larynx 90
Alaryngeal Speech 91
Psychogenic Voice Disorders 93
Conversion Reactions 93
Treatment of Psychogenic Voice Disorders 94
Disorders Related to Vocal Strain and Abuse 94
Causative Factors 94
Treatment of Disorders Related to Vocal Strain and Abuse 96
Cleft Lip and Palate 99
The Cleft Palate Team 102
Literature and Media Stereotypes 103
Summary 104
Study Questions 104
Suggested Reading 105
Contents
4 Articulation and Phonological Disorders 106
The Speech Articulators 108
Phonetic Transcription 109
Place and Manner of Production 110
Syllables 112
Dynamic Articulation 113
Etiology of Articulation Disorders 114
Deafness or Hearing Loss 115
Structural Defects of the Articulators 116
Motor Speech Disorders 117
Delayed Development 120
Auditory Perceptual and Sensory-Motor Deficiencies 124
Emotional Distress 126
Dialect and Accent 126
Evaluating Articulation and Phonology Disorders 129
Articulation Testing 130
Additional Diagnostic Information 132
Treatment of Articulation Disorders 133
Articulation Therapy for Hearing Loss and Deafness 133
Articulation Therapy for Structural Defects of the Articulators 133
Treatment of Phonological Disorders 134
Articulation Therapy for Structural Defects of the Articulators 134
Articulation Therapy for Motor Speech Disorders 134
Articulation Therapy for Auditory Perceptual and
Sensory-Motor Deficiencies 134
Other Articulation Therapies 135
Literature and Media Stereotypes 136
Summary 136
Study Questions 137
Suggested Reading and Video 137
5 Language Development and Disorders 139
Defining Language 141
Linguistic Competence and Performance 143
Cognitive, Linguistic, and Social-Communication Systems 143
Pragmatics 144
Assessing Language in Children 144
Intelligence and Language Development 146
Teachers, Language Delay, and Disorders 147
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 148
A Brief Overview of Language Development 149
Intellectual Disability 152
Autism Spectrum and Pervasive Developmental Disorders 156
Environmental Deprivation and Cultural Influences 159
Idioglossia 160
Learning Disabilities 161
Literature and Media Stereotypes 165
Summary 166
Study Questions 166
Suggested Reading 167
6 Hearing Loss and Deafness 168
The Study and Treatment of Hearing Disorders 169
The Range of Human Hearing 170
Hearing and Energy Transformation 171
Acoustic Energy Stage 171
Mechanical Energy Stage 172
Hydraulic Energy Stage 175
Electrochemical (Neural) Energy Stage 176
Hearing and Speech Acoustics 177
Incidence, Prevalence, Visibility, and Types of Hearing Loss 179
Conductive Hearing Loss 181
Sensorineural Hearing Loss 182
Central Auditory Processing Disorders 184
Hearing Assessment 184
Otoscopic Examination 186
Pure Tone Audiometry 186
Speech Audiometry 187
Acoustic Impedance Audiometry 187
Evoked Response Audiometry and Otoacoustic Emissions 188
Aural Habilitation and Rehabilitation 188
Medical and Surgical Treatment 190
Literature and Media Stereotypes 191
Summary 192
Study Questions 192
Suggested Reading 193
7 Motor Speech Disorders and Dysphagia 194
The “Big Three” Neurogenic Communication Disorders 196
Aphasia 196
Apraxia of Speech 197
The Dysarthrias 201
Dysphagia 211
The Swallowing Evaluation 212
Dysphagia Therapy 215
Literature and Media Stereotypes 216
Summary 217
Study Questions 217
Suggested Reading 218
8 Aphasia in Adults 219
Language and the Brain 221
Etiology of Aphasia and Related Disorders 222
The Syndrome of Aphasia 224
Aphasia: A Mulitmodality Disorder 225
Alexia 226
Agraphia 226
Acalculia 228
Gestural Problems 229
Predominantly Expressive, Nonfluent Aphasia 230
Predominantly Receptive, Fluent Aphasia 234
Factors in Following Complex Verbal Instructions 235
Loss of the Abstract Attitude 237
Word Retrieval Behaviors: Rhyme or Reason 238
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon 239
Multilingualism and Aphasia 239
The Psychology of Aphasia 240
The Five Major Psychological Concomitants of Aphasia 241
Emotional Lability 242
Catastrophic Reactions 243
Perseveration 244
Organic Depression 246
The Grief Response 247
Aphasia Rehabilitation 248
Literature and Media Stereotypes 249
Summary 250
Study Questions 251
Suggested Reading 251
9 Communication Disorders Resulting
From Dementia 253
Dementia 256
Causes of Dementia 257
Disruptive Behaviors 259
Hallucinations and Delusions in Dementia 260
Communication Disorders in Dementia 261
Early Stage 262
Middle Stage 262
Late Stage 263
Evaluating and Treating Communication Disorders in
Patients with Dementia 264
Literature and Media Stereotypes 267
Summary 269
Study Questions 269
Suggested Reading 270
10 Communication Disorders Resultingfrom Head and Neck Injuries 271
The Head-Injured Person 272
The Mechanics of Traumatic Head and Neck Injuries 273
Communication Disorders and Impaired Consciousness 276
Coma 277
Communication Disorders and the Site of Traumatic Brain Injuries 279
Executive Functions 280
Disorientation and Traumatic Brain Injuries 281
Memory Problems 284
The Three Components to Memory 286
Attention 286
Storage 287
Recall 289
Memories, Libraries, and Tests 290
Memory and Test-Taking 291
Recognition and Recall 292
Behavioral Disorders 293
Flat Affect 294
Psychosis and Traumatic Brain Injury 294
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury 296
Principles of Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injuries 297
Literature and Media Stereotypes 298
Summary 299
Study Questions 300
Suggested Reading 300
11 Communication Sciences and Disorders 301
The Profession of Speech-Language Pathology 301
The Profession of Audiology 302
Choosing a Profession 303
Research Opportunities in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 304
The Job Market in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 305
Professional Interests, Prestige, and Rewards 307
Educational Preparation, Certification, and Licensure 308
Student Issues and Degrees 309
The Doctorate in Communication Sciences and Disorders 311
Speech-Language Pathology Assistant 311
Professional Practice 312
Salaries, Benefits, and Private Practice 312
Keeping Current about Professional Issues 314
What Will the Future Bring to the Professions
of Speech-language Pathology and Audiology? 315
Suggested Reading and Websites 315
12 Original Short Stories in Communication Sciences and Disorders 316
Preponderance of Evidence 316
Chapter 1 316
Chapter 2 318
Chapter 3 319
Chapter 4 321
Chapter 5 322
Chapter 6 324
Chapter 7 324
Short Stories 326
A Day at JFK 326
Alex 326
Kevin 327
Michelle 329
Mikey and Nicole 330
The IEP Meeting 331
Alex’s Mom 333
“On the Road Again” 334
Welcome to the Cyber Speech and Hearing Clinic 335
Appendix A: Professional Issues and Informational Web Sites 341
Glossary 343
Literature, Media, and Personality: Home Pages,
Suggested Readings, References, and Resources 369
Academic References 383
Index 395
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