The Eye's Aqueous Humor

DESCRIPTION: Current Topics in Membranes provides a systematic, comprehensive, and rigorous approach to specific topics relevant to the study of cellular membranes. Each volume is a guest edited compendium of membrane biology. Articles in this volume discuss ion transport; ocular aquaporins and aqueous humor dynamics; the role of Ggap junction channels in the ciliary body secretory epithelium; regional dependence of inflow; functional modulators linking Iinflow with outflow of aqueous humor; aqueous humor outflow resistance; aqueous humor dynamics; the effects of circulatory events on aqueous humor inflow and intraocular pressure; retinal ganglion cells and glaucoma; what functional genomics is teaching us about intraocular pressure regulation and glaucoma; molecular approaches to glaucoma; outflow signaling mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies for the control of intraocular pressure. *Guest edited by cell membrane experts *Dynamic and thorough coverage of all aspects of the aqueous humor from inflow to outflow *Provides the latest teachings on genomics and glaucoma *Highlights new therapeutic strategies for the control of intraocular pressure

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Previous Volumes in Series	p. xvii
Formation of the Aqueous Humor: Transport Components and Their Integration
Overview	p. 2
Introduction	p. 2
Structure of Ciliary Epithelium	p. 6
Unidirectional Secretion of Aqueous Humor	p. 6
Potential Unidirectional Reabsorption of Aqueous Humor	p. 18
Regulation of Net Aqueous Humor Secretion	p. 19
Summary of Current Views, Recent Advances, and Future Directions	p. 30
References	p. 33
Ocular Aquaporins and Aqueous Humor Dynamics
Overview	p. 47
Introduction	p. 48
Aquaporins: Discovery, Structure, and Function	p. 48
Ocular Distribution of Aquaporins	p. 50
Aquaporins and Aqueous Humor Dynamics	p. 54
Ion Channel Activity of AQP1	p. 60
Aquaporin and Ion Channel Interactions	p. 61
Future Directions	p. 64
References	p. 65
The Role of Gap Junction Channels in the Ciliary Body Secretory Epithelium
Overview	p. 71
Introduction	p. 72
General Properties of Connexins Including Those Composing the Ciliary Body Epithelium Gap Junctions	p. 75
Modeling of Fluid Transport by the Ciliary Epithelium	p. 79
Animal Models Support a Role for Gap Junctions in Fluid Transport by Ocular Epithelia	p. 92
References	p. 93
Regional Dependence of Inflow: Lessons from Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis
Overview	p. 98
Introduction	p. 98
Review of Electron-probe X-ray Microanalysis	p. 99
Total Inflow	p. 103
Topography of Inflow	p. 110
A New Model for Aqueous Humor Production	p. 114
Effect of Timolol on Inflow	p. 117
Future Directions	p. 119
References	p. 119
Functional Modulators Linking Inflow with Outflow of Aqueous Humor
Overview	p. 123
Introduction	p. 124
Sources of Neuropeptides and Peptide Hormones in the AqH	p. 125
Neuroendocrine Characteristics of the Bilayered CE	p. 128
Neuroendocrine Phenotype of the TM	p. 137
Regulation of Neuroendocrine Signals: The Potential Role of Neutral Endopeptidase 24.11 (Neprelysin)	p. 138
Neuroendocrine Signaling in the CE and TM	p. 140
Putative Glutamatergic System in the Inflow-Outflow Axis: Glutamate as a Functional Endocrine/Paracrine Signal Between CE and TM Cells	p. 141
Implications of a Neuroendocrine Signaling in the Anterior Segment of the Eye	p. 145
Summary	p. 150
References	p. 151
Aqueous Humor Outflow Resistance
Overview	p. 161
Introduction	p. 162
The Aqueous Humor	p. 165
Regions of Low Outflow Resistance	p. 165
Regions of Potential Significant Outflow Resistance	p. 171
Endothelial Lining of Schlemm's Canal	p. 178
Summary	p. 186
References	p. 186
Aqueous Humor Dynamics I
Overview	p. 193
Components of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Measurement Techniques	p. 194
Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Research Animals	p. 218
Summary	p. 222
References	p. 222
Aqueous Humor Dynamics II
Overview	p. 232
Introduction	p. 232
Normal Values of Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Humans	p. 233
Clinical Syndromes	p. 237
Drugs Affecting Aqueous Humor Dynamics	p. 246
Summary	p. 259
References	p. 259
Effects of Circulatory Events on Aqueous Humor Inflow and Intraocular Pressure
Overview	p. 273
Introduction	p. 274
Iop Effects on Ocular Blood Flow	p. 274
Ocular Blood Flow Effects on IOP	p. 275
Ciliary Blood Flow and Aqueous Production	p. 281
Episcleral Venous Pressure and IOP	p. 295
Conclusion	p. 296
References	p. 297
Retinal Ganglion Cells and Glaucoma: Traditional Patterns and New Possibilities
Overview	p. 301
Introduction	p. 302
Influences on Glaucomatous Damage to Ganglion Cells	p. 303
Mechanisms of Ganglion Cell Death	p. 307
Conclusion	p. 315
References	p. 316
What is Functional Genomics Teaching us about Intraocular Pressure Regulation and Glaucoma
Overview	p. 324
Introduction	p. 324
Functional Genomics: Microarrays, Proteomics and Protein Modification	p. 326
Tissues Involved in the Development of Glaucoma. Survey of Microarray Studies	p. 329
The Trabecular Meshwork Tissue: Expressed Genes (CDNA) and Proteins Obtained by Direct Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry	p. 335
The Trabecular Meshwork Tissue: In Search of Genes Responding to Glaucomatous Insults	p. 348
Proposed Molecular Signature of Human Glaucoma	p. 361
References	p. 365
Molecular Approaches to Glaucoma: Intriguing Clues for Pathology
Overview	p. 379
Transforming Growth Factor-B	p. 380
Thrombospondin-1	p. 383
Connective Tissue Growth Factor	p. 384
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7	p. 388
Myocilin	p. 389
Optineurin	p. 403
WD Repeat Domain 36	p. 410
Conclusion	p. 411
References	p. 411
Outflow Signaling Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Strategies for the Control of Intraocular Pressure
Overview	p. 428
Introduction	p. 428
New Approaches for IOP Lowering	p. 439
Future Therapeutic Opportunities	p. 455
References	p. 457
Index	p. 471
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The Eye's Aqueous Humor

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