Facilitating Hearing and Listening in Young

This thoroughly revised edition of a popular classic emphasizes the need to create an "auditory world" for children in which their auditory brain centers continue to develop the neurological and experiential foundations for literacy and learning. A wealth of new, up-to-date information has been added, covering recent developments in amplification technology, cochlear implants, federal legislation, and listening strategies.

Foreword

ix

(2)

M. Jeanne Wilcox, Ph.D.

Preface

xi

(2)

Acknowledgments

xiii

CHAPTER 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF HEARING AND THE IMPACT OF HEARING PROBLEMS

1

(22)

Introduction

1

(3)

What Is Hearing Impairment

4

(7)

Word-Sound Distinctions

4

(1)

The Invisible Acoustic Filter Effect of Hearing Impairment

5

(4)

Computer Analogy

9

(2)

The Role of Hearing

11

(6)

Primitive Level

12

(1)

Signal Warning Level and Passive Learning

13

(2)

Spoken Communication

15

(2)

Checklist of Auditory Behaviors as a Function of Developmental Level

17

(1)

Checklist of Auditory Behaviors

17

(1)

Prevalence of Hearing Impairment

18

(3)

Checklist of Important Points About Hearing and Hearing Impairment

21

(2)

CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EAR

23

(12)

Defining Sound

23

(7)

Anatomy of the Ear

30

(3)

Conductive Mechanism

30

(2)

Sensorineural Mechanism

32

(1)

Central Mechanism

33

(1)

The Peripheral-Central Distinction

33

(2)

CHAPTER 3 TYPES, DEGREES, AND CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS

35

(38)

Introduction

35

(1)

General Classifications of Hearing Impairment

35

(9)

Time of Onset

35

(2)

General Causes of Hearing Impairments

37

(1)

Severity or Degree of Hearing Impairments

38

(6)

Syndromes

44

(3)

Auditory Pathologies

47

(22)

Conductive Hearing Impairments

47

(13)

Sensorineural Hearing Impairments

60

(5)

Dysplasias

65

(1)

Synergistic Effects

66

(1)

Auditory Neuropathy

66

(1)

Mixed Hearing Impairments

67

(1)

Progressive Hearing Impairments

68

(1)

Central and Functional Hearing Impairments

68

(1)

Indicators That Place an Infant or Child at Risk for Hearing Problems

69

(3)

Summary

72

(1)

CHAPTER 4 THE ASSESSMENT OF HEARING LOSS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

73

(34)

Differential Diagnosis

74

(2)

Basic Audiometric Considerations

76

(5)

Behavioral and Objective Audiologic Tests

81

(9)

Behavioral Tests

81

(5)

Objective or Electrophysiologic Tests

86

(4)

What Does an Audiogram Mean?

90

(3)

Observation of Auditory Behaviors

93

(1)

Attentive Behaviors

93

(1)

Reflexive Behaviors

94

(1)

"Unscientific" Observations Based on 25 Years of Experience

94

(3)

Information That a Teacher, Clinician, or Parent Should Request From an Audiologist

97

(5)

Information That a Teacher, Clinician, or Parent Can Provide to Facilitate the Measurement of Hearing

102

(5)

CHAPTER 5 TECHNOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HEARING AND OF HEARING LOSS

107

(70)

Maximizing the Reception of Clear and Intact (Speech) Sounds

108

(42)

The Listening Environment

108

(2)

Acoustic Guidelines

110

(1)

Positioning

111

(1)

Hearing Aids

111

(11)

Assistive Listening Devices (ALD)

122

(20)

Frequency Transposition Hearing Aid

142

(1)

Tactile Communication Devices

142

(1)

Cochlear Implants: Candidacy, Description and Benefits

143

(7)

Summaries of Amplification Technologies

150

(1)

Appendix 5A. Summary of Hearing Aids

151

(8)

Appendix 5B. Summary of Personal FM Units

159

(5)

Appendix 5C. Sound-Field FM Systems

164

(4)

Appendix 5D. Summary of Mild Gain Hard-Wired Unit

168

(3)

Appendix 5E. A How-to Guide for Use of a Hard-Wired Mild Gain Amplifier With Remote Microphone

171

(2)

Appendix 5F. Suggested Protocol for Audiological and Hearing Aid Evaluation

173

(4)

CHAPTER 6 FEDERAL LAWS THAT GOVERN THE PROVISION OF AUDIOLOGICAL SERVICES FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN

177

(18)

Overview of Federal Laws

177

(4)

Public Law 94-142

178

(2)

IDEA Amendments of 1997--Public Law 105-17

180

(1)

Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) and Individualized Educational Plans (IEPs): How to Make Hearing Services a Reality for Children

181

(9)

The Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)

183

(1)

The Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)

184

(6)

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

190

(2)

Summary

192

(2)

Appendix 6A. Sample Section 504 Individualized Educational Plan

194

(1)

CHAPTER 7 STRATEGIES FOR FACILITATING HEARING AND LISTENING IN ALL CHILDREN--WITH OR WITHOUT HEARING LOSS

195

(54)

Levels of Auditory Skill Development

196

(2)

Tests of Auditory Perception

198

(4)

Guidelines for Maximizing Hearing and Facilitating Listening

202

(20)

Professional and Medical Prerequisites for the Initiation of Intervention and Therapy

203

(3)

Understanding the Role of Audition in Language Development

206

(2)

Management of Noise in the Learning Environment

208

(2)

Structure of the Learning Environment and Strategies for Facilitating Listening Skills

210

(1)

Linguistic Factors

211

(2)

Managing Other Factors That Affect the Listening Process

213

(7)

Reading to the Child

220

(2)

Family Interaction

222

(3)

Conclusions

225

(2)

Appendix 7A. Tests of Auditory Skills and Speech Perception

227

(17)

Appendix 7B. Information About the Auditory-Verbal Philosophy

244

(5)

References

249

(18)

Glossary of Terms Used by Audiologists

267

(18)

Index

285

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Facilitating Hearing and Listening in Young Children

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials