Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in

While the historical significance of fascism and anti-fascism is still being hotly debated in Italy and across Europe, this anthology brings to light a wide range of voices--political, literary, and popular--that illuminate more than eighty years of fascism and anti-fascism in Italy. Visit our website for sample chapters!

List of Illustrations

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

Chronology

xvii

Introduction: A Past That Will Not Pass: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy

1

(24)

Stanislao G. Pugliese

Part I The Roots of Fascism

1 The Futurist Manifesto

25

(5)

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

2 An Excerpt from Four and Twenty Minds

30

(4)

Giovanni Papini

3 The Vigil

34

(3)

Gabriele D'Annunzio

4 The Legacy of Nationalism

37

(6)

Alexander De Grand

Part II The Birth of Fascism and the Early Opposition

5 Afternoon Speech of 23 March 1919

43

(4)

Benito Mussolini

6 Squadrismo

47

(2)

Italo Balbo

7 The March on Rome

49

(6)

Adrian Lyttelton

8 We Are of the People

55

(5)

Arditi del Popolo

9 Our Protestantism

60

Piero Gobetti

Part III The Consolidation of Power and the Anti-Fascist Response

10 The Fascisti Exposed

65

(4)

Giacomo Matteotti

11 Speech of 3 January 1925

69

(5)

Benito Mussolini

12 The Eternal Tendency toward Fascism

74

(4)

Carlo Levi

13 Towards Anarchism

78

(7)

Errico Malatesta

Part IV The Fascist State and Dissident Voices

14 The Doctrine of Fascism

85

(7)

Benito Mussolini

15 What Are We to Do?

92

(5)

Ignazio Silone

16 Letters from Women

97

(5)

17 Aphorisms

102

(3)

Benito Mussolini

18 Operations against Individuals

105

(6)

Gaetano Salvenini

19 We Have No Need

111

(4)

Pope Pius XI

20 The Story of My Death

115

(5)

Lauro de Bosis

21 The Basic Features of the Fascist Dictatorship

120

(11)

Palmiro Togliatti

Part V Fascist and Anti-Fascist Culture

22 Fascist Anthems

131

(4)

23 Mussolini the Man

135

(6)

Margherita G. Sarfatti

24 The Sacred Myths of Fascism

141

(5)

Emilio Gentile

25 The Fascist Decalogue

146

(2)

26 Intellectuals and the Regime

148

(9)

27 History as the Story of Liberty

157

(4)

Benedetto Croce

28 The Political Prisoner

161

(6)

Cesare Pavese

29 What Is Man?

167

(6)

Antonio Granisci

30 The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution

173

(5)

Marla Stone

31 Grace

178

(5)

Grazia Deledda

32 The Nationalization of Women

183

(8)

Victoria De Grazia

Part VI Fascist Racism, Anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust

33 Facetta Nera: Little Black Face

191

(2)

34 Racial Manifesto

193

(3)

35 The Word "Jew"

196

(4)

Rosetta Loy

36 Hunting Down the Jews

200

(7)

Renzo De Felice

37 Consider If This Is a Man

207

(7)

Primo Levi

38 A Woman Confronts the Holocaust

214

(7)

Giuliana Tedeschi

Part VII War: Spain, Europe, Civil

39 Today in Spain, Tomorrow in Italy

221

(7)

Carlo Rosselli

40 November 1943

228

(5)

Renata Viganò

41 The Dead God

233

(7)

Curzio Malaparte

42 Prisoner of War

240

(6)

Giampiero Carocci

43 Anti-Fascist Anthems

246

(2)

44 Threats Are Good for You

248

(3)

Guglielmo Petrovi

45 The Four Days of Naples

251

(2)

Renato Luigi Sansone

46 Civil War

253

(6)

Claudio Pavone

Part VIII The Death Throes of Fascism

47 A Nation Collapses

259

(4)

Elena Agarossi

48 Manifesto of Verona

263

(3)

49 A Letter before Dying

266

(2)

Antonio Fossati

50 Graffiti from a Nazi Prison

268

(4)

Arrigo Paladini

51 Final Examination

272

(2)

Bruce Cutler

52 A Nazi Massacre

274

(7)

Robert Katz

Part IX History, Memory, and the Writing of the Past

53 Partisan Diary

281

(3)

Ada Gobetti

54 The Resistance "Vulgate"

284

(3)

Renzo De Felice

55 The Legacy of Fascism

287

(4)

Nicola Tranfaglia

56 Eternal Fascism

291

(11)

Umberto Eco

57 The Battle over the Past

Alexander Stille

58 My Seven Sons

302

(5)

Alcide Cervi

59 Memory and Massacres

307

(4)

Alessandro Portelli

Guide to Further Reading

311

(6)

Glossary

317

(4)

Index

321

(10)

About the Editor

331

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Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy 1919 to the Present

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