Field Sampling: Principles and Practices in

The most comprehensive source on the subject with procedures that ensure efficient, cost-effective field sampling, analysis, and remediation. Written by a renowned professional with more than 30 years of experience in environmental sampling and analysis, this reference describes in unparalleled detail all the essential elements for the development and execution of a successful sampling plan at both contaminated and uncontaminated sites-leading the reader through presampling planning and decision-making, specific sampling situations, and correct sample labeling, shipping, storage, and examination.

Alfred R. Conklin, Jr. is Professor of Agriculture and Chemistry, Wilmington College, Ohio.

Preface

v

Introduction to Field Sampling

1

(25)

Assessing the Sampling Needs

3

(2)

Soil

5

(3)

Water and Air

8

(2)

Presampling

10

(1)

Safety

11

(1)

Sampling

11

(2)

Statistics

13

(1)

Modeling

13

(1)

Sample Handling

14

(1)

What Is Present?

15

(1)

Analytical Methods

16

(1)

Traps

16

(1)

Essential Units

17

(2)

Definitions

19

(1)

Other Ways of Sampling and Representing the Environment

20

(1)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

21

(1)

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

22

(1)

Conclusions

23

(3)

Questions

23

(1)

References

24

(2)

Characteristics of the Environment

26

(31)

Parts of the Environment

27

(8)

Soil Formation

35

(4)

Soil Types

39

(2)

Soil Texture, Structure, and Bulk Density

41

(8)

Water Movement Over and Through Soil

49

(5)

Conclusions

54

(3)

Questions

54

(1)

References

55

(2)

Presampling

57

(34)

Field Office

58

(1)

Field Office Laboratory

59

(2)

The Project Notebook

61

(4)

Maps

65

(4)

Preliminary Field Survey

69

(2)

Field History

71

(2)

Sampling Tools

73

(4)

Other Soil Sampling Considerations

77

(2)

Safety

79

(1)

Sample Containers

79

(3)

Transportation and Storage

82

(1)

Chain of Custody

82

(1)

Analytical Laboratory and Procedures

83

(1)

Statistics

84

(1)

Other Tools to Consider

84

(3)

Modeling

87

(1)

Permitting

88

(1)

Resources

88

(1)

Conclusions

88

(3)

Questions

89

(1)

References

90

(1)

Safety

91

(29)

Areas of Safety Concern

92

(2)

Safety Resources

94

(2)

Basic Safety

96

(1)

Signage

96

(4)

Personnel Exposure

100

(4)

Personnel Protection

104

(7)

Monitoring

111

(1)

Safety at Different Field Types

112

(2)

Contamination Types and Concentrations

114

(1)

Off-Field Protection

115

(1)

The Chemical Hygiene Plan

115

(1)

Environmental Protection

116

(1)

MSDS Sheets

116

(1)

Merck Index

117

(1)

Conclusions

117

(3)

Questions

118

(1)

References

118

(2)

Sampling

120

(42)

General Sampling Considerations

121

(2)

Global Positioning System

123

(5)

Ground-Penetrating Radar

128

(2)

Remote Sensing

130

(1)

Geographical Information Systems

130

(2)

Samplers

132

(4)

Sample Amount

136

(2)

Sample Container

138

(1)

Duplicate, Split, and Composite Samples

138

(1)

Sampling Strategies

139

(4)

Topography

143

(1)

Other Sampling Strategies for Different Field Situations

144

(9)

Sample Handling

153

(1)

Sampling Using GPS

153

(2)

Determining Sample Sites

155

(2)

Quality Control

157

(1)

Labeling

157

(2)

Conclusions

159

(3)

Questions

159

(1)

References

160

(2)

Statistics

162

(32)

Random Numbers

164

(1)

Variation

165

(1)

Population

166

(2)

Hypothesis

168

(1)

Median and Mean

169

(2)

Standard Deviation

171

(2)

Different or Same Population?

173

(2)

Extraneous Values

175

(2)

How Many Samples?

177

(1)

Comparing Areas

178

(3)

Linear Regression

181

(1)

Geostatisitics

181

(9)

Coregionalization

190

(1)

Geostatisitical Problems

191

(1)

Conclusions

191

(3)

Questions

192

(1)

References

192

(2)

Modeling

194

(30)

Physical Models

196

(7)

Chemical Models

203

(4)

Simple Mathematical Models

207

(1)

Landscape Models

208

(3)

Modeling Movement of Particles Through the Environment

211

(1)

Dynamic Models

212

(5)

Commercial Computer Modeling

217

(4)

GIS and Environmental Modeling

221

(1)

Whole Planet Model

221

(1)

Conclusions

221

(3)

Questions

221

(1)

References

222

(2)

Sample Transport and Storage

224

(22)

Security

226

(2)

Containers

228

(1)

Controls

229

(2)

Transport in the Field

231

(1)

Transport Boxes

231

(2)

Transport Out of Field

233

(1)

Storage

233

(1)

Archival Samples

234

(1)

Separation of Samples at the Field Office

235

(1)

Field Laboratory Handling

235

(1)

Transportation to the Commercial Laboratory

235

(2)

Storage at the Commercial Analytical Laboratory

237

(1)

Chain of Custody

237

(1)

Computer Chain of Custody

238

(3)

Request for Analysis

241

(2)

Conclusions

243

(3)

Questions

244

(1)

References

245

(1)

What Is Present?

246

(30)

In Total

248

(2)

The Inorganic Components

250

(10)

The Organic Component

260

(9)

The Biochemical Component

269

(2)

The Living Component

271

(2)

Conclusions

273

(3)

Questions

273

(1)

References

274

(2)

An Overview of Basic Principles of Analytical Methods

276

(37)

Rolf Meinholtz

Determining the Problem

281

(1)

What is the Nature of the Sample?

282

(1)

The Sampling Process

283

(2)

What Is to Be Sampled and How Is It to Be Sampled

285

(5)

Documentation

290

(1)

Sample Preparation for Analysis

291

(1)

Analytical Testing

291

(13)

Analytical Methods---Some Specifics

304

(3)

Data Assessment

307

(2)

Report Generation and Documentation

309

(1)

Do the Results Answer the Client's Question?

310

(1)

Some General Questions and Considerations

310

(1)

Conclusions

311

(2)

Questions

311

(1)

References

312

(1)

Traps, Mistakes, and Errors

313

(17)

Alfred R. Conklin, Jr.

Rolf Meinholtz

History of the Area

314

(2)

Area Geology

316

(2)

Knowing What Is or Is Likely to Be Present

318

(1)

Not Accounting for Inputs, Losses, and Movement

319

(1)

Personnel

320

(3)

Analyzing or Sampling for the Wrong Component

323

(1)

Antagonisms and Interferences

323

(2)

Sample Analysis Mismatch

325

(1)

Extraction or Method Errors

325

(1)

Sample/Test Container Errors

326

(1)

Improper Sampling Techniques

326

(1)

Variations in Method

327

(1)

Movement of a Contaminant

327

(1)

Statistical Errors

328

(1)

Conclusions

328

(2)

Questions

328

(1)

References

329

(1)

Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms

330

(3)

Appendix B: Sources

333

(2)

Index

335

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Field Sampling: Principles and Practices in Environmental Analysis

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials