Fish Respiration

Fish Respiration synthesizes classical literature and highlights recent developments pertaining to the respiratory physiology of fishes. Compiled by a team of international researchers, this comprehensive and authoritative review of the respiratory physiology of fishes will appeal to any comparative physiologist interested in this subject. Key Features * First volume in the series dedicated solely to the respiratory system * Contributors are world leaders in their respective areas * Includes completely up-to-date material on the topic of fish physiology

CONTRIBUTORS

ix

(2)

PREFACE

xi

I. Red Blood Cell Physiology and Biochemistry

1

(112)

1. Hemoglobin Structure and Function

1

(40)

Frank B. Jensen

Angela Fago

Roy E. Weber

I. Introduction

1

(1)

II. Basic Structure of Vertebrate Hemoglobins

2

(3)

III. Ligand Binding to the Heme Groups and Its Allosteric Regulation

5

(3)

IV. The Bohr Groups

8

(1)

V. Hydrogen Ion Equilibria

8

(4)

VI. Binding of CO(2)

12

(1)

VII. Binding of Organic Phosphates

13

(1)

VIII. Molecular Basis for the Root Effect

14

(4)

IX. Temperature Effect

18

(2)

X. Adaptation of Hemoglobin Function

20

(2)

XI. Hemoglobin Multiplicity

22

(5)

XII. Oxidation of Hemoglobin

27

(3)

XIII. Interactions of Hemoglobin with Membrane Proteins

30

(2)

References

32

(9)

2. Red Blood Cell Metabolism

41

(34)

Patrick J. Walsh

Chris M. Wood

Thomas W. Moon

I. Introduction

41

(1)

II. Methodology

42

(4)

III. Metabolism of Mammalian Red Blood Cells

46

(3)

IV. Metabolic Poise of Fish Red Blood Cells

49

(5)

V. Transport of Metabolic Fuels

54

(8)

VI. The Influence of Catecholamines, Oxygen Status, and Intracellular pH Regulation on Red Cell Metabolism

62

(6)

VII. Epilogue

68

(1)

References

69

(6)

3. Carbonic Anhydrase and Respiratory Gas Exchange

75

(38)

Raymond P. Henry

Thomas A. Heming

I. Introduction

75

(1)

II. The Catalytic Mechanism of CA

76

(1)

III. Tissue and Isozyme Distribution

77

(6)

IV. CA and Respiratory Gas Exchange: CO(2) Transport and Excretion

83

(5)

V. Ammonia as a Respiratory Gas

88

(3)

VI. Plasma Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase

91

(5)

VII. Analytical Techniques

96

(7)

VIII. Summary

103

(1)

References

103

(10)

II. Oxygen

113

(116)

4. The Physiology of the Root Effect

113

(28)

Bernd Pelster

David Randall

I. Introduction

113

(2)

II. Occurrence of the Root Effect

115

(2)

III. Characterization of the Root Effect

117

(3)

IV. Root Effect and Swim Bladder Function

120

(6)

V. Oxygen-Concentrating Mechanisms in the Fish Eye

126

(5)

VI. Adrenergic Effects

131

(3)

References

134

(7)

5. Oxygen Transport in Fish

141

(44)

Mikko Nikinmaa

Annika Salama

I. Introduction

141

(2)

II. Hemoglobin Function: Basic Principles

143

(2)

III. Regulation of Hemoglobin Function by Changes in Erythrocytic Organic Phosphate Concentrations

145

(4)

IV. Effects of Cellular Hemoglobin Concentration and Red Cell Volume on Oxygen Transport

149

(1)

V. Regulation of Erythrocyte Volume

150

(5)

VI. Effects of Protons on Hemoglobin Function

155

(2)

VII. Control of Erythrocyte pH

157

(5)

VIII. Hemoglobin Oxidation

162

(1)

IX. Responses of Hemoglobin Function to Changes in the External and the Internal Environment of Fish

163

(11)

References

174

(11)

6. Hematocrit and Blood Oxygen-Carrying Capacity

185

(44)

P. Gallaugher

A.P. Farrell

I. Introduction

185

(2)

II. The Influence of Sampling Methodology on Hematocrit

187

(19)

III. Interspecific Diversity in Hematocrit Values

206

(3)

IV. Intraspecific Regulation of Hematocrit

209

(6)

V. Critique of the Optimal Hematocrit Theory

215

(4)

VI. Conclusions

219

(1)

References

219

(10)

III. Carbon Dioxide and Acid-Base Balance

229

(120)

7. Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion

229

(54)

Bruce Tufts

Steve F. Perry

I. Introduction

229

(1)

II. Carriage of CO(2) in Blood

230

(6)

III. Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion

236

(36)

IV. Future Directions

272

(1)

References

273

(10)

8. The Linkage between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

283

(38)

C.J. Brauner

D.J. Randall

I. Introduction

283

(1)

II. Fundamental Basis for the Linkage

284

(4)

III. Hb Characteristics That Influence the Magnitude of the Linkage

288

(6)

IV. Physiological Basis for the Linkage

294

(18)

V. Conclusion

312

(1)

References

313

(8)

9. Causes and Consequences of Acid-Base Disequilibria

321

(28)

Kathleen M. Gilmour

I. Introduction

321

(1)

II. Postbranchial Disequilibria

322

(15)

III. Prebranchial Disequilibria

337

(2)

IV. Consequences of Acid-Base Disequilibria

339

(4)

References

343

(6)

INDEX

349

(6)

OTHER VOLUMES IN THE FISH PHYSIOLOGY SERIES

355

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