Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers with Microfluidics and CFD
, by Wilkes, James O.
- ISBN: 9780131482128 | 0131482122
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 9/29/2005
Since most chemical processing applications are conducted either partially or totally in the fluid phase, chemical engineers need a strong understanding of fluid mechanics. Such knowledge is especially valuable for solving problems in the biochemical, chemical, energy, fermentation, materials, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, polymer, and waste-processing industries.
James O. Wilkes is Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, and served as department chairman and assistant dean for admissions.
| Preface | p. xv |
| Macroscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
| Introduction to Fluid Mechanics | |
| Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering | p. 3 |
| General Concepts of a Fluid | p. 3 |
| Stresses, Pressure, Velocity, and the Basic Laws | p. 5 |
| Physical Properties-Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension | p. 10 |
| Units and Systems of Units | p. 21 |
| Units Conversion | p. 24 |
| Mass of Air in a Room | p. 25 |
| Hydrostatics | p. 26 |
| Pressure in an Oil Storage Tank | p. 29 |
| Multiple Fluid Hydrostatics | p. 30 |
| Pressure Variations in a Gas | p. 31 |
| Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface | p. 35 |
| Application of Archimedes' Law | p. 37 |
| Pressure Change Caused by Rotation | p. 39 |
| Overflow from a Spinning Container | p. 40 |
| Problems for Chapter 1 | p. 42 |
| Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances | |
| General Conservation Laws | p. 55 |
| Mass Balances | p. 57 |
| Mass Balance for Tank Evacuation | p. 58 |
| Energy Balances | p. 61 |
| Pumping n-Pentane | p. 65 |
| Bernoulli's Equation | p. 67 |
| Applications of Bernoulli's Equation | p. 70 |
| Tank Filling | p. 76 |
| Momentum Balances | p. 78 |
| Impinging Jet of Water | p. 83 |
| Velocity of Wave on Water | p. 84 |
| Flow Measurement by a Rotameter | p. 89 |
| Pressure, Velocity, and Flow Rate Measurement | p. 92 |
| Problems for Chapter 2 | p. 96 |
| Fluid Friction in Pipes | |
| Introduction | p. 120 |
| Laminar Flow | p. 123 |
| Polymer Flow in a Pipeline | p. 128 |
| Models for Shear Stress | p. 129 |
| Piping and Pumping Problems | p. 133 |
| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Diameter | p. 142 |
| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Diameter and Pressure Drop | p. 144 |
| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Pressure Drop | p. 147 |
| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Miscellaneous Additional Calculations | p. 147 |
| Flow in Noncircular Ducts | p. 150 |
| Flow in an Irrigation Ditch | p. 152 |
| Compressible Gas Flow in Pipelines | p. 156 |
| Compressible Flow in Nozzles | p. 159 |
| Complex Piping Systems | p. 163 |
| Solution of a Piping/Pumping Problem | p. 165 |
| Problems for Chapter 3 | p. 168 |
| Flow in Chemical Engineering Equipment | |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| Pumps and Compressors | p. 188 |
| Pumps in Series and Parallel | p. 193 |
| Drag Force on Solid Particles in Fluids | p. 194 |
| Manufacture of Lead Shot | p. 202 |
| Flow Through Packed Beds | p. 204 |
| Pressure Drop in a Packed-Bed Reactor | p. 208 |
| Filtration | p. 210 |
| Fluidization | p. 215 |
| Dynamics of a Bubble-Cap Distillation Column | p. 216 |
| Cyclone Separators | p. 219 |
| Sedimentation | p. 222 |
| Dimensional Analysis | p. 224 |
| Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | p. 229 |
| Problems for Chapter 4 | p. 230 |
| Microscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
| Differential Equations of Fluid Mechanics | |
| Introduction to Vector Analysis | p. 249 |
| Vector Operations | p. 250 |
| The Gradient of a Scalar | p. 253 |
| The Divergence of a Vector | p. 257 |
| An Alternative to the Differential Element | p. 257 |
| The Curl of a Vector | p. 262 |
| The Laplacian of a Scalar | p. 262 |
| Other Coordinate Systems | p. 263 |
| The Convective Derivative | p. 266 |
| Differential Mass Balance | p. 267 |
| Physical Interpretation of the Net Rate of Mass Outflow | p. 269 |
| Alternative Derivation of the Continuity Equation | p. 270 |
| Differential Momentum Balances | p. 271 |
| Newtonian Stress Components in Cartesian Coordinates | p. 274 |
| Constant-Viscosity Momentum Balances in Terms of Velocity Gradients | p. 280 |
| Vector Form of Variable-Viscosity Momentum Balance | p. 284 |
| Problems for Chapter 5 | p. 285 |
| Solution of Viscous-Flow Problems | |
| Introduction | p. 292 |
| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates | p. 294 |
| Flow Between Parallel Plates | p. 294 |
| Alternative Solution Using a Shell Balance | p. 301 |
| Shell Balance for Flow Between Parallel Plates | p. 301 |
| Film Flow on a Moving Substrate | p. 303 |
| Transient Viscous Diffusion of Momentum (COMSOL) | p. 307 |
| Poiseuille and Couette Flows in Polymer Processing | p. 312 |
| The Single-Screw Extruder | p. 313 |
| Flow Patterns in a Screw Extruder (COMSOL) | p. 318 |
| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates | p. 322 |
| Flow Through an Annular Die | p. 322 |
| Spinning a Polymeric Fiber | p. 325 |
| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates | p. 327 |
| Analysis of a Cone-and-Plate Rheometer | p. 328 |
| Problems for Chapter 6 | p. 333 |
| Laplace's Equation, Irrotational and Porous-Media Flows | |
| Introduction | p. 354 |
| Rotational and Irrotational Flows | p. 356 |
| Forced and Free Vortices | p. 359 |
| Steady Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow | p. 361 |
| Physical Interpretation of the Stream Function | p. 364 |
| Examples of Planar Irrotational Flow | p. 366 |
| Stagnation Flow | p. 369 |
| Combination of a Uniform Stream and a Line Sink (C) | p. 371 |
| Flow Patterns in a Lake (COMSOL) | p. 373 |
| Axially Symmetric Irrotational Flow | p. 378 |
| Uniform Streams and Point Sources | p. 380 |
| Doublets and Flow Past a Sphere | p. 384 |
| Single-Phase Flow in a Porous Medium | p. 387 |
| Underground Flow of Water | p. 388 |
| Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media | p. 390 |
| Wave Motion in Deep Water | p. 396 |
| Problems for Chapter 7 | p. 400 |
| Boundary-Layer and Other Nearly Unidirectional Flows | |
| Introduction | p. 414 |
| Simplified Treatment of Laminar Flow Past a Flat Plate | p. 415 |
| Flow in an Air Intake (C) | p. 420 |
| Simplification of the Equations of Motion | p. 422 |
| Blasius Solution for Boundary-Layer Flow | p. 425 |
| Turbulent Boundary Layers | p. 428 |
| Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers Compared | p. 429 |
| Dimensional Analysis of the Boundary-Layer Problem | p. 430 |
| Boundary-Layer Separation | p. 433 |
| Boundary-Layer Flow Between Parallel Plates (COMSOL Library) | p. 435 |
| Entrance Region for Laminar Flow Between Flat Plates | p. 440 |
| The Lubrication Approximation | p. 442 |
| Flow in a Lubricated Bearing (COMSOL) | p. 448 |
| Polymer Processing by Calendering | p. 450 |
| Pressure Distribution in a Calendered Sheet | p. 454 |
| Thin Films and Surface Tension | p. 456 |
| Problems for Chapter 8 | p. 459 |
| Turbulent Flow | |
| Introduction | p. 473 |
| Numerical Illustration of a Reynolds Stress Term | p. 479 |
| Physical Interpretation of the Reynolds Stresses | p. 480 |
| Mixing-Length Theory | p. 481 |
| Determination of Eddy Kinematic Viscosity and Mixing Length | p. 484 |
| Velocity Profiles Based on Mixing-Length Theory | p. 486 |
| Investigation of the von Karman Hypothesis | p. 487 |
| The Universal Velocity Profile for Smooth Pipes | p. 488 |
| Friction Factor in Terms of Reynolds Number for Smooth Pipes | p. 490 |
| Expression for the Mean Velocity | p. 491 |
| Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | p. 492 |
| Velocity Profiles and Friction Factor for Rough Pipe | p. 494 |
| Blasius-Type Law and the Power-Law Velocity Profile | p. 495 |
| A Correlation for the Reynolds Stresses | p. 496 |
| Computation of Turbulence by the [kappa]/[epsilon] Method | p. 499 |
| Flow Through an Orifice Plate (COMSOL) | p. 501 |
| Turbulent Jet Flow (COMSOL) | p. 505 |
| Analogies Between Momentum and Heat Transfer | p. 509 |
| Evaluation of the Momentum/Heat-Transfer Analogies | p. 511 |
| Turbulent Jets | p. 513 |
| Problems for Chapter 9 | p. 521 |
| Bubble Motion, Two-Phase Flow, and Fluidization | |
| Introduction | p. 531 |
| Rise of Bubbles in Unconfined Liquids | p. 531 |
| Rise Velocity of Single Bubbles | p. 536 |
| Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Horizontal Pipes | p. 536 |
| Two-Phase Flow in a Horizontal Pipe | p. 541 |
| Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes | p. 543 |
| Limits of Bubble Flow | p. 546 |
| Performance of a Gas-Lift Pump | p. 550 |
| Two-Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe | p. 553 |
| Flooding | p. 555 |
| Introduction to Fluidization | p. 559 |
| Bubble Mechanics | p. 561 |
| Bubbles in Aggregatively Fluidized Beds | p. 566 |
| Fluidized Bed with Reaction (C) | p. 572 |
| Problems for Chapter 10 | p. 575 |
| Non-Newtonian Fluids | |
| Introduction | p. 591 |
| Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids | p. 592 |
| Constitutive Equations for Inelastic Viscous Fluids | p. 595 |
| Pipe Flow of a Power-Law Fluid | p. 600 |
| Pipe Flow of a Bingham Plastic | p. 604 |
| Non-Newtonian Flow in a Die (COMSOL Library) | p. 606 |
| Constitutive Equations for Viscoelastic Fluids | p. 613 |
| Response to Oscillatory Shear | p. 620 |
| Characterization of the Rheological Properties of Fluids | p. 623 |
| Proof of the Rabinowitsch Equation | p. 624 |
| Working Equation for a Coaxial-Cylinder Rheometer: Newtonian Fluid | p. 628 |
| Problems for Chapter 11 | p. 630 |
| Microfluidics and Electrokinetic Flow Effects | |
| Introduction | p. 639 |
| Physics of Microscale Fluid Mechanics | p. 640 |
| Pressure-Driven Flow Through Microscale Tubes | p. 641 |
| Calculation of Reynolds Numbers | p. 641 |
| Mixing, Transport, and Dispersion | p. 642 |
| Species, Energy, and Charge Transport | p. 644 |
| The Electrical Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena | p. 647 |
| Relative Magnitudes of Electroosmotic and Pressure-Driven Flows | p. 648 |
| Electroosmotic Flow Around a Particle | p. 653 |
| Electroosmosis in a Microchannel (COMSOL) | p. 653 |
| Electroosmotic Switching in a Branched Microchannel (COMSOL) | p. 657 |
| Measuring the Zeta Potential | p. 659 |
| Magnitude of Typical Streaming Potentials | p. 660 |
| Electroviscosity | p. 661 |
| Particle and Macromolecule Motion in Microfluidic Channels | p. 661 |
| Gravitational and Magnetic Settling of Assay Beads | p. 662 |
| Problems for Chapter 12 | p. 666 |
| An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flowlab | |
| Introduction and Motivation | p. 671 |
| Numerical Methods | p. 673 |
| Learning CFD by Using FlowLab | p. 682 |
| Practical CFD Examples | p. 686 |
| Developing Flow in a Pipe Entrance Region (FlowLab) | p. 687 |
| Pipe Flow Through a Sudden Expansion (FlowLab) | p. 690 |
| A Two-Dimensional Mixing Junction (FlowLab) | p. 692 |
| Flow Over a Cylinder (FlowLab) | p. 696 |
| References for Chapter 13 | p. 702 |
| Comsol (Femlab) Multiphysics for Solving Fluid Mechanics Problems | |
| Introduction to COMSOL | p. 703 |
| How to Run COMSOL | p. 705 |
| Flow in a Porous Medium with an Obstruction (COMSOL) | p. 705 |
| Draw Mode | p. 719 |
| Solution and Related Modes | p. 724 |
| Fluid Mechanics Problems Solvable by COMSOL | p. 725 |
| Problems for Chapter 14 | p. 730 |
| Useful Mathematical Relationships | p. 731 |
| Answers to the True/False Assertions | p. 737 |
| Some Vector and Tensor Operations | p. 740 |
| Index | p. 743 |
| The Authors | p. 753 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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