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- ISBN: 9781319035297 | 1319035299
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/14/2016
Learn to write through practice. Focus on Writing: Paragraphs and Essays guides you through self-editing all of your writing for unity, support, and coherence to make you a better writer.
During their long collaboration, Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell have written a number of best-selling college texts for Bedford/St. Martin's, including Patterns for College Writing, Foundations First, Writing First, Focus on Writing, and, most recently, Practical Argument. Laurie Kirszner is a Professor of English, Emeritus at the University of the Sciences, where she has taught composition, literature, creative writing, and scientific writing, and served as coordinator of the first-year writing program. Stephen Mandell is a Professor of English at Drexel University, where he founded and directed the basic writing program and has taught composition, literature, speech, and technical and business writing.
Focus on Writing 4e Contents Preface
Teaching with LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers
A Note to Students
Thematic Table of Contents
Introduction: How Writing Can Help You Succeed
BECOMING A CRITICAL READER Unit 1
Unit 1 Becoming a Critical Reader
1 READING TO WRITE 1a Previewing
1b Highlighting
1c Annotating
1d Outlining
1e Summarizing
1f Writing a Response 1g Reading in the Classroom, in the Community, and in the Workplace
Reading Textbooks ■ Reading News Articles ■ Reading on the Job
Review Checklist: Reading to Write
WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS Unit 2
Unit 2 Focus on Paragraphs
2 Writing a Paragraph
2a Focusing on Your Assignment, Purpose, and Audience
2b Finding Ideas to Write About Freewriting ■ Brainstorming ■ Clustering ■ Keeping a Journal
2c Identifying Your Main Idea and Writing a Topic Sentence
2d Choosing Supporting Points
2e Developing Supporting Points
2f Making an Outline
2g Drafting Your Paragraph
2h TESTing Your Paragraph
2i Revising Your Paragraph
Using Self-Assessment Using Peer Review
Self-Assessment Checklist: Revising Your Paragraph
2j Editing and Proofreading Your Paragraph
Self-Assessment Checklist: Editing Your Paragraph
Review Checklist: Writing a Paragraph
3 TESTing Your Paragraphs
3a TESTing for a Topic Sentence
3b TESTing for Evidence
3c TESTing for a Summary Statement
3d TESTing for Transitions
Chapter Review
Review Checklist: TESTing Your Paragraphs 4 Exemplification Paragraphs
4a Understanding Exemplification
4b Case Study: A Student Writes an Exemplification Paragraph 82
TESTing an Exemplification Paragraph 86
5 Narrative Paragraphs
5a Understanding Narration
5b Case Study: A Student Writes a Narrative Paragraph
TESTing a Narrative Paragraph
6 Process Paragraphs
6a Understanding Process
6b Case Study: A Student Writes a Process Paragraph TESTing a Process Paragraph
7 Cause-and-Effect Paragraphs
7a Understanding Cause and Effect
7b Case Study: A Student Writes a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph
TESTing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph
8 Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraphs
8a Understanding Comparison and Contrast
8b Case Study: A Student Writes a Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraph TESTing a Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraph
9 Descriptive Paragraphs
9a Understanding Description
9b Case Study: A Student Writes a Descriptive Paragraph TESTing a Descriptive Paragraph 10 Classification Paragraphs
10a Understanding Classification
10b Case Study: A Student Writes a Classification Paragraph TESTing a Classification Paragraph
11 Definition Paragraphs
11a Understanding Definition
11b Case Study: A Student Writes a Definition Paragraph TESTing a Definition Paragraph
12 Argument Paragraphs
12a Understanding Argument
12b Case Study: A Student Writes an Argument Paragraph
TESTing an Argument Paragraph Unit 3
Unit 3 Focus on Essays
13 Writing an Essay
13a Understanding Essay Structure
13b Moving from Assignment to Topic
13c Finding Ideas to Write About
Freewriting ■ Brainstorming ■ Keeping a Journal
13d Stating Your Thesis
13e Choosing Supporting Points
13f Making an Outline
13g Drafting Your Essay
13h TESTing Your Essay
13i Revising Your Essay
Self-Assessment Checklist: Revising Your Essay
13j Editing and Proofreading Your Essay
Self-Assessment Checklist: Editing and Proofreading Your Essay
13k Checking Your Essay’s Format
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing an Essay
14 Introductions and Conclusions
14a Introductions
Beginning with a Narrative ■ Beginning with a Question (or a Series of Questions) ■ Beginning with a Definition ■ Beginning with a Quotation ■ Beginning with a Surprising Statement
14b Conclusions
Concluding with a Narrative ■ Concluding with a Recommendation ■ Concluding with a Quotation■ Concluding with a Prediction
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Introductions and Conclusions
15 Patterns of Essay Development: EXEMPLIFICATION, NARRATION, PROCESS, CAUSE AND EFFECT, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
15a Exemplification Essays
TESTing an Exemplification Essay
EXEMPLIFICATION IN ACTION: FARHAD MANJOO, “NO I DO NOT WANT TO PET YOUR DOG”
15b Narrative Essays
TESTing a Narrative Essay
NARRATION IN ACTION: LYNDA BARRY, “THE SANCTUARY OF SCHOOL”
15c Process Essays
TESTing a Process Essay
PROCESS IN ACTION: RUSSELL BAKER, “SLICE OF LIFE”
15d Cause-and-Effect Essays
TESTing a Cause-and-Effect Essay
CAUSE AND EFFECT IN ACTION: KATHLEEN E. BACHYNSKI AND DANIEL S. GOLDBERG, “FACING THE CONCUSSION RISKS OF YOUTH FOOTBALL”
15e Comparison-and-Contrast Essays
TESTing a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN ACTION: MICHAEL MARTINEZ, “MIGRANT VS. REFUGEE: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?”
CHAPTER 16 PATTERNS OF ESSAY DEVELOPMENT: DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITION, ARGUMENT 16a Descriptive Essays
TESTing a Descriptive Essay
DESCRIPTION IN ACTION: ROBERT RAMIREZ, “THE BARRIO”
16b Classification Essays
TESTing a Classification Essay
CLASSIFICATION IN ACTION: AMY TAN, “MOTHER TONGUE”
16c Definition Essays
TESTing a Definition Essay
DEFINITION IN ACTION: JUDY BRADY, “I WANT A WIFE”
16d Argument Essays
TESTing an Argument Essay
ARGUMENT IN ACTION: BEN CARSON, “VACCINATIONS ARE FOR THE GOOD OF THE NATION”Review Checklist: Patterns of Essay Development
REVISING AND EDITING YOUR WRITING
Unit 4 Unit 4 Writing Effective Sentences
17 Writing Simple Sentences
17a Identifying Subjects
17b Identifying Prepositional Phrases
17c Identifying Verbs
Action Verbs ■ Linking Verbs 364 ■ Helping Verbs
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Simple Sentences
18 Writing Compound Sentences
18a Using Coordinating Conjunctions
18b Using Semicolons
18c Using Transitional Words and Phrases
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Compound Sentences
19 Writing Complex Sentences
19a Identifying Complex Sentences
19b Using Subordinating Conjunctions
19c Using Relative Pronouns
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Complex Sentences
20 Writing Varied Sentences
20a Varying Sentence Types
20b Varying Sentence Openings
Beginning with Adverbs ■ Beginning with Prepositional Phrases
20c Combining Sentences
Using -ing Modifiers ■ Using -ed Modifiers ■ Using a Series of Words ■ Using Appositives
20d Mixing Long and Short Sentences
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Varied Sentences
21 Using Parallelism
21a Recognizing Parallel Structure
21b Using Parallel Structure
Paired Items ■ Items in a Series ■ Items in a List or in an Outline
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Parallelism
22 Using Words Effectively
22a Using Specific Words
22b Using Concise Language
22c Avoiding Slang
22d Avoiding Clichés
22e Using Similes and Metaphors
22f Avoiding Sexist Language
22g Commonly Confused Words
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Words Effectively
Unit Review
Unit 5 Solving Common Sentence Problems
23 Run-Ons
23a Recognizing Run-Ons
23b Correcting Run-Ons
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Run-Ons
24 Fragments
24a Recognizing Fragments
24b Missing-Subject Fragments
24c Phrase Fragments
Appositive Fragments ■ Prepositional Phrase Fragments■ Infinitive Fragments
24d -ing Fragments
24e Dependent-Clause Fragments
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Fragments
25 Subject-Verb Agreement
25a Understanding Subject-Verb Agreement
26b Compound Subjects
25c Be, Have, and Do
25d Words between Subject and Verb
25e Collective Noun Subjects
25f Indefinite Pronoun Subjects
25g Verbs before Subjects
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Subject-Verb Agreement
26 Illogical Shifts
26a Shifts in Tense
26b Shifts in Person
26c Shifts in Voice
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Illogical Shifts
27 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
27a Correcting Misplaced Modifiers
27b Correcting Dangling Modifiers
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Unit Review
Unit 6 Understanding Basic Grammar
28 Verbs: Past Tense
28a Regular Verbs
28b Irregular Verbs
28c Problem Verbs: Be
28d Problem Verbs: Can/Could and Will/Would
Can/Could ■ Will/Would
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Verbs: Past Tense
29 Verbs: Past Participles
29a Regular Past Participles
29b Irregular Past Participles
29c The Present Perfect Tense
29d The Past Perfect Tense
29e Past Participles as Adjectives
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Verbs: Past Participles
30 Nouns and Pronouns
30a Identifying Nouns
30b Forming Plural Nouns
30c Identifying Pronouns
30d Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
30e Special Problems with Agreement
Compound Antecedents ■ Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents ■ Collective Noun Antecedents
30f Vague and Unnecessary Pronouns
Vague Pronouns ■ Unnecessary Pronouns
30g Pronoun Case
Subjective Case ■ Objective Case ■ Possessive Case
30h Special Problems with Pronoun Case
Pronouns in Compounds ■ Pronouns in Comparisons ■ Who and Whom, Whoever and Whomever
30i Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns ■ Intensive Pronouns
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Nouns and Pronouns
31 Adjectives and Adverbs
31a Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs
31b Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming Comparatives and Superlatives ■ Solving Special Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Adjectives and Adverbs
32 Grammar and Usage for ESL Writers
32a Subjects in Sentences
32b Plural Nouns
32c Count and Noncount Nouns
32d Determiners with Count and Noncount Nouns
32e Articles
The Definite Article ■ Indefinite Articles ■ No Article ■ Articles with Proper Nouns
32f Negative Statements and Questions
Negative Statements ■ Questions
32g Verb Tense
32h Stative Verbs
32i Modal Auxiliaries
32j Gerunds
32k Placing Modifiers in Order
Required Order ■ Preferred Order
32l Choosing Prepositions
32m Prepositions in Familiar Expressions
32n Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs
Separable Phrasal Verbs ■ Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Grammar and Usage for ESL Writers
Unit Review
Unit 7 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics
33 Using Commas
33a Commas in a Series
33b Commas with Introductory Phrases and Transitional Words and Phrases
Introductory Phrases ■ Transitional Words and Phrases
33c Commas with Appositives
33d Commas with Nonrestrictive Clauses
33e Commas in Dates and Addresses
Dates ■ Addresses
33f Unnecessary Commas
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Commas
34 Using Apostrophes
34a Apostrophes in Contractions
34b Apostrophes in Possessives
Singular Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns ■ Plural Nouns
34c Incorrect Use of Apostrophes
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Apostrophes
35 Understanding Mechanics
35a Capitalizing Proper Nouns
35b Punctuating Direct Quotations
Identifying Tag at the Beginning ■ Identifying Tag at the End ■ Identifying Tag in the Middle ■ Identifying Tag between Two Sentences
35c Setting Off Titles
35d Hyphens
35e Abbreviations
35f Numbers
35g Using Minor Punctuation Marks
The Semicolon ■ The Colon ■ The Dash ■ Parentheses
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Understanding Mechanics
Unit Review Unit 8 Unit 8 Reading Essays
36 Readings for Writers
Naomi S. Baron, “The Case Against E-Readers: Why Reading Paper Books Is Better For Your Mind”
Jennine Capó Crucet, “Taking My Parents to College”
John Gray, “Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus”
Tom Hanks, “I Owe It All to Community College”
LeBron James, “I’m Coming Home”
Marina Keegan, “Stability in Motion”
Caroline Knapp, “How to Have a Dog’s Life”
Nicholas Kristof, “Our Blind Spot about Guns”
Ben Mattlin, “An Act That Enabled Acceptance”
Christopher Monks, “Group Mobilization as a Desperate Cry for Help”
Eileen Pollack, “What’s Really Keeping Women Out of Tech”
Estelle Tang, “An Open Letter to All My Male Friends”
APPENDIX A: STRATEGIES FOR COLLEGE SUCCESSA1 MANGING YOUR TIME
A2 TAKING NOTES IN CLASS
A3 DOING HOMEWORK
A4 TAKING EXAMS
APPENDIX B: STRATEGIES FOR DOING RESEARCH
B1 FINDING AND EVALUATING INFORMATION
B2 USING SUMMARY, PARAPHRASE, AND QUOTATION
B3 USING SOURCES RESPONSIBLY
B4 DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES
B5 MODEL MLA-STYLE ESSAY Acknowledgments
Index
Parts of Speech
Teaching with LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers
A Note to Students
Thematic Table of Contents
Introduction: How Writing Can Help You Succeed
BECOMING A CRITICAL READER Unit 1
Unit 1 Becoming a Critical Reader
1 READING TO WRITE 1a Previewing
1b Highlighting
1c Annotating
1d Outlining
1e Summarizing
1f Writing a Response 1g Reading in the Classroom, in the Community, and in the Workplace
Reading Textbooks ■ Reading News Articles ■ Reading on the Job
Review Checklist: Reading to Write
WRITING PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS Unit 2
Unit 2 Focus on Paragraphs
2 Writing a Paragraph
2a Focusing on Your Assignment, Purpose, and Audience
2b Finding Ideas to Write About Freewriting ■ Brainstorming ■ Clustering ■ Keeping a Journal
2c Identifying Your Main Idea and Writing a Topic Sentence
2d Choosing Supporting Points
2e Developing Supporting Points
2f Making an Outline
2g Drafting Your Paragraph
2h TESTing Your Paragraph
2i Revising Your Paragraph
Using Self-Assessment Using Peer Review
Self-Assessment Checklist: Revising Your Paragraph
2j Editing and Proofreading Your Paragraph
Self-Assessment Checklist: Editing Your Paragraph
Review Checklist: Writing a Paragraph
3 TESTing Your Paragraphs
3a TESTing for a Topic Sentence
3b TESTing for Evidence
3c TESTing for a Summary Statement
3d TESTing for Transitions
Chapter Review
Review Checklist: TESTing Your Paragraphs 4 Exemplification Paragraphs
4a Understanding Exemplification
4b Case Study: A Student Writes an Exemplification Paragraph 82
TESTing an Exemplification Paragraph 86
5 Narrative Paragraphs
5a Understanding Narration
5b Case Study: A Student Writes a Narrative Paragraph
TESTing a Narrative Paragraph
6 Process Paragraphs
6a Understanding Process
6b Case Study: A Student Writes a Process Paragraph TESTing a Process Paragraph
7 Cause-and-Effect Paragraphs
7a Understanding Cause and Effect
7b Case Study: A Student Writes a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph
TESTing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph
8 Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraphs
8a Understanding Comparison and Contrast
8b Case Study: A Student Writes a Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraph TESTing a Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraph
9 Descriptive Paragraphs
9a Understanding Description
9b Case Study: A Student Writes a Descriptive Paragraph TESTing a Descriptive Paragraph 10 Classification Paragraphs
10a Understanding Classification
10b Case Study: A Student Writes a Classification Paragraph TESTing a Classification Paragraph
11 Definition Paragraphs
11a Understanding Definition
11b Case Study: A Student Writes a Definition Paragraph TESTing a Definition Paragraph
12 Argument Paragraphs
12a Understanding Argument
12b Case Study: A Student Writes an Argument Paragraph
TESTing an Argument Paragraph Unit 3
Unit 3 Focus on Essays
13 Writing an Essay
13a Understanding Essay Structure
13b Moving from Assignment to Topic
13c Finding Ideas to Write About
Freewriting ■ Brainstorming ■ Keeping a Journal
13d Stating Your Thesis
13e Choosing Supporting Points
13f Making an Outline
13g Drafting Your Essay
13h TESTing Your Essay
13i Revising Your Essay
Self-Assessment Checklist: Revising Your Essay
13j Editing and Proofreading Your Essay
Self-Assessment Checklist: Editing and Proofreading Your Essay
13k Checking Your Essay’s Format
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing an Essay
14 Introductions and Conclusions
14a Introductions
Beginning with a Narrative ■ Beginning with a Question (or a Series of Questions) ■ Beginning with a Definition ■ Beginning with a Quotation ■ Beginning with a Surprising Statement
14b Conclusions
Concluding with a Narrative ■ Concluding with a Recommendation ■ Concluding with a Quotation■ Concluding with a Prediction
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Introductions and Conclusions
15 Patterns of Essay Development: EXEMPLIFICATION, NARRATION, PROCESS, CAUSE AND EFFECT, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
15a Exemplification Essays
TESTing an Exemplification Essay
EXEMPLIFICATION IN ACTION: FARHAD MANJOO, “NO I DO NOT WANT TO PET YOUR DOG”
15b Narrative Essays
TESTing a Narrative Essay
NARRATION IN ACTION: LYNDA BARRY, “THE SANCTUARY OF SCHOOL”
15c Process Essays
TESTing a Process Essay
PROCESS IN ACTION: RUSSELL BAKER, “SLICE OF LIFE”
15d Cause-and-Effect Essays
TESTing a Cause-and-Effect Essay
CAUSE AND EFFECT IN ACTION: KATHLEEN E. BACHYNSKI AND DANIEL S. GOLDBERG, “FACING THE CONCUSSION RISKS OF YOUTH FOOTBALL”
15e Comparison-and-Contrast Essays
TESTing a Comparison-and-Contrast Essay COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN ACTION: MICHAEL MARTINEZ, “MIGRANT VS. REFUGEE: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?”
CHAPTER 16 PATTERNS OF ESSAY DEVELOPMENT: DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION, DEFINITION, ARGUMENT 16a Descriptive Essays
TESTing a Descriptive Essay
DESCRIPTION IN ACTION: ROBERT RAMIREZ, “THE BARRIO”
16b Classification Essays
TESTing a Classification Essay
CLASSIFICATION IN ACTION: AMY TAN, “MOTHER TONGUE”
16c Definition Essays
TESTing a Definition Essay
DEFINITION IN ACTION: JUDY BRADY, “I WANT A WIFE”
16d Argument Essays
TESTing an Argument Essay
ARGUMENT IN ACTION: BEN CARSON, “VACCINATIONS ARE FOR THE GOOD OF THE NATION”Review Checklist: Patterns of Essay Development
REVISING AND EDITING YOUR WRITING
Unit 4 Unit 4 Writing Effective Sentences
17 Writing Simple Sentences
17a Identifying Subjects
17b Identifying Prepositional Phrases
17c Identifying Verbs
Action Verbs ■ Linking Verbs 364 ■ Helping Verbs
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Simple Sentences
18 Writing Compound Sentences
18a Using Coordinating Conjunctions
18b Using Semicolons
18c Using Transitional Words and Phrases
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Compound Sentences
19 Writing Complex Sentences
19a Identifying Complex Sentences
19b Using Subordinating Conjunctions
19c Using Relative Pronouns
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Complex Sentences
20 Writing Varied Sentences
20a Varying Sentence Types
20b Varying Sentence Openings
Beginning with Adverbs ■ Beginning with Prepositional Phrases
20c Combining Sentences
Using -ing Modifiers ■ Using -ed Modifiers ■ Using a Series of Words ■ Using Appositives
20d Mixing Long and Short Sentences
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Writing Varied Sentences
21 Using Parallelism
21a Recognizing Parallel Structure
21b Using Parallel Structure
Paired Items ■ Items in a Series ■ Items in a List or in an Outline
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Parallelism
22 Using Words Effectively
22a Using Specific Words
22b Using Concise Language
22c Avoiding Slang
22d Avoiding Clichés
22e Using Similes and Metaphors
22f Avoiding Sexist Language
22g Commonly Confused Words
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Words Effectively
Unit Review
Unit 5 Solving Common Sentence Problems
23 Run-Ons
23a Recognizing Run-Ons
23b Correcting Run-Ons
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Run-Ons
24 Fragments
24a Recognizing Fragments
24b Missing-Subject Fragments
24c Phrase Fragments
Appositive Fragments ■ Prepositional Phrase Fragments■ Infinitive Fragments
24d -ing Fragments
24e Dependent-Clause Fragments
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Fragments
25 Subject-Verb Agreement
25a Understanding Subject-Verb Agreement
26b Compound Subjects
25c Be, Have, and Do
25d Words between Subject and Verb
25e Collective Noun Subjects
25f Indefinite Pronoun Subjects
25g Verbs before Subjects
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Subject-Verb Agreement
26 Illogical Shifts
26a Shifts in Tense
26b Shifts in Person
26c Shifts in Voice
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Illogical Shifts
27 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
27a Correcting Misplaced Modifiers
27b Correcting Dangling Modifiers
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Unit Review
Unit 6 Understanding Basic Grammar
28 Verbs: Past Tense
28a Regular Verbs
28b Irregular Verbs
28c Problem Verbs: Be
28d Problem Verbs: Can/Could and Will/Would
Can/Could ■ Will/Would
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Verbs: Past Tense
29 Verbs: Past Participles
29a Regular Past Participles
29b Irregular Past Participles
29c The Present Perfect Tense
29d The Past Perfect Tense
29e Past Participles as Adjectives
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Verbs: Past Participles
30 Nouns and Pronouns
30a Identifying Nouns
30b Forming Plural Nouns
30c Identifying Pronouns
30d Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
30e Special Problems with Agreement
Compound Antecedents ■ Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents ■ Collective Noun Antecedents
30f Vague and Unnecessary Pronouns
Vague Pronouns ■ Unnecessary Pronouns
30g Pronoun Case
Subjective Case ■ Objective Case ■ Possessive Case
30h Special Problems with Pronoun Case
Pronouns in Compounds ■ Pronouns in Comparisons ■ Who and Whom, Whoever and Whomever
30i Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns ■ Intensive Pronouns
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Nouns and Pronouns
31 Adjectives and Adverbs
31a Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs
31b Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming Comparatives and Superlatives ■ Solving Special Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives
Chapter ReviewReview Checklist: Adjectives and Adverbs
32 Grammar and Usage for ESL Writers
32a Subjects in Sentences
32b Plural Nouns
32c Count and Noncount Nouns
32d Determiners with Count and Noncount Nouns
32e Articles
The Definite Article ■ Indefinite Articles ■ No Article ■ Articles with Proper Nouns
32f Negative Statements and Questions
Negative Statements ■ Questions
32g Verb Tense
32h Stative Verbs
32i Modal Auxiliaries
32j Gerunds
32k Placing Modifiers in Order
Required Order ■ Preferred Order
32l Choosing Prepositions
32m Prepositions in Familiar Expressions
32n Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs
Separable Phrasal Verbs ■ Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Grammar and Usage for ESL Writers
Unit Review
Unit 7 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics
33 Using Commas
33a Commas in a Series
33b Commas with Introductory Phrases and Transitional Words and Phrases
Introductory Phrases ■ Transitional Words and Phrases
33c Commas with Appositives
33d Commas with Nonrestrictive Clauses
33e Commas in Dates and Addresses
Dates ■ Addresses
33f Unnecessary Commas
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Commas
34 Using Apostrophes
34a Apostrophes in Contractions
34b Apostrophes in Possessives
Singular Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns ■ Plural Nouns
34c Incorrect Use of Apostrophes
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Using Apostrophes
35 Understanding Mechanics
35a Capitalizing Proper Nouns
35b Punctuating Direct Quotations
Identifying Tag at the Beginning ■ Identifying Tag at the End ■ Identifying Tag in the Middle ■ Identifying Tag between Two Sentences
35c Setting Off Titles
35d Hyphens
35e Abbreviations
35f Numbers
35g Using Minor Punctuation Marks
The Semicolon ■ The Colon ■ The Dash ■ Parentheses
Chapter Review Review Checklist: Understanding Mechanics
Unit Review Unit 8 Unit 8 Reading Essays
36 Readings for Writers
Naomi S. Baron, “The Case Against E-Readers: Why Reading Paper Books Is Better For Your Mind”
Jennine Capó Crucet, “Taking My Parents to College”
John Gray, “Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus”
Tom Hanks, “I Owe It All to Community College”
LeBron James, “I’m Coming Home”
Marina Keegan, “Stability in Motion”
Caroline Knapp, “How to Have a Dog’s Life”
Nicholas Kristof, “Our Blind Spot about Guns”
Ben Mattlin, “An Act That Enabled Acceptance”
Christopher Monks, “Group Mobilization as a Desperate Cry for Help”
Eileen Pollack, “What’s Really Keeping Women Out of Tech”
Estelle Tang, “An Open Letter to All My Male Friends”
APPENDIX A: STRATEGIES FOR COLLEGE SUCCESSA1 MANGING YOUR TIME
A2 TAKING NOTES IN CLASS
A3 DOING HOMEWORK
A4 TAKING EXAMS
APPENDIX B: STRATEGIES FOR DOING RESEARCH
B1 FINDING AND EVALUATING INFORMATION
B2 USING SUMMARY, PARAPHRASE, AND QUOTATION
B3 USING SOURCES RESPONSIBLY
B4 DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES
B5 MODEL MLA-STYLE ESSAY Acknowledgments
Index
Parts of Speech
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