Forest Health And Protection

, by Edmonds, Robert L.; Agee, James K.; Gara, Robert I.

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ISBN: 9781577663966 | 1577663969
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/10/2005

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

The Concept of Forest Health

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Definitions of Forest Health

(1)

Characteristics of a Healthy Forest

(1)

Symptoms of Forest Health Problems

(2)

Possible Causes of Forest Health Problems

(1)

Current Health Status of the World's Forests

(3)

The Influence of Forest Management and Other

(1)

Human Activities on Forest Health: Case Studies

(6)

The Inland Western United States

(2)

The Influence of Introduced Pathogens and Insects on Forest Health

(1)

The Influence of Air Pollution on Forest Health

(3)

Forest Health Monitoring Networks

(4)

The U.S. National Forest Health Monitoring Network

(2)

Forest Health Monitoring in Western Europe

(1)

The Acid Rain National Early Warning System (ARNEWS) in Canada

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

Ecological Principles

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Forest Biomes

(5)

Forest Zonation

(2)

Forest Classification by Current and Potential Vegetation

(2)

Production Ecology

(4)

Succession

(11)

The Complex Nature of Disturbance

(2)

Multiple Pathway Succession

(6)

Ecological Diversity and Sustainability

(1)

Stability and Equilibrium

(1)

Ecosystem Management

(3)

Coarse and Fine Filter Approaches

(1)

Island Biogeography and Forest Health

(1)

References

(2)

Fire as a Physical Process

(22)

Introduction

(1)

The Elements of Fire Behavior

(9)

Weather

(4)

Topography

(1)

Fuels

(4)

Fire Behavior Prediction

(11)

Surface Fire Behavior

(5)

Crown Fire Behavior

(3)

Spotting

(1)

Geographic Information Systems and Fire

(1)

Fire Danger Rating

(2)

References

(2)

Fire Ecology and Fire Regimes

(31)

Introduction

(1)

Fire Adaptations of Plants

(3)

Predicting Tree Mortality from Fire

(3)

Fire Regimes of North America

(3)

Ponderosa Pine Forests

(3)

The Fire Regime

(1)

Stand Development Patterns

(2)

Coastal Douglas-Fir Forests

(4)

The Fire Regime

(1)

Stand Development Patterns

(3)

Western Subalpine Forests

(5)

The Fire Regime

(1)

Stand Development Patterns

(3)

Longleaf Pine Forests

(2)

The Fire Regime

(1)

Stand Development Patterns

(1)

Jack Pine Forests

(4)

The Fire Regime

(1)

Stand Development Patterns

(2)

References

(4)

Organizing for Fire Management

102

(28)

Introduction

102

(1)

Evolution of Fire Policy

103

(3)

Responsibilities for Fire Protection

106

(2)

Fire Prevention and Detection

108

(4)

Fire Prevention

108

(2)

Fire Detection

110

(2)

Fire Suppression

112

(11)

Fire Control Organization

112

(2)

Fire Suppression Strategies

114

(3)

Fire Equipment

117

(4)

Safety in Suppression

121

(2)

Wildland Fire Rehabilitation

123

(2)

The Urban Wildland Interface

125

(2)

References

127

(3)

Fire Strategies for Forest Health

130

(30)

Introduction

130

(1)

Forest Structure and Fire Behavior

131

(8)

Increasing Height to Crown Base

131

(1)

Reducing Surface Fuels

132

(1)

Managing Crown Structure to Prevent Fire Spread

133

(2)

Fuel Treatments for Forest Health

135

(4)

Prescribed Fire

139

(9)

Firing Techniques

139

(3)

Methods of Ignition

142

(1)

The Prescribed Fire Plan

143

(4)

Prescribed Fire and Fuelbreaks

147

(1)

Managed Wildland Fire (pnf)

148

(7)

Planning for Managed Wildland Fire (pnf)

150

(2)

Operations

152

(1)

The Future of Wilderness Fire

153

(2)

Constraints To Fire Use

155

(3)

Smoke

155

(2)

The Escaped Fire

157

(1)

The Fine Filter for Special Resources

157

(1)

References

158

(2)

Wind and Forest Health

160

(25)

Introduction

160

(1)

Wind as a Physical Process

160

(3)

Wind Effects on Trees

163

(10)

Crown Morphology

163

(2)

Stem and Root Shape

165

(1)

Windsnap (Stem Breakage) and Windthrow (Uprooting)

165

(3)

Wind Effects on Forest Succession

168

(1)

Case Study: Pacific Northwest Spruce-Hemlock Forests

169

(1)

Case Study: Northeast Hardwood--White Pine--Eastern Hemlock

170

(2)

Case Study: Southern Pines

172

(1)

Forest Management Strategies

173

(8)

Shelterbelts

173

(1)

Windthrow Hazard Identification

174

(2)

Site Preparation and Planting

176

(1)

Thinning

176

(1)

Pruning

176

(1)

Clearcuts

177

(3)

Stream Buffers, Interior Leave Patches, and Other Retention Strategies

180

(1)

Synergistic Effects

181

(1)

References

182

(3)

Introduction to Diseases

185

(14)

Introduction

185

(2)

Definition of Disease and Types of Diseases

187

(1)

A Brief History of Forest Pathology

188

(2)

Impact of Diseases

190

(1)

The Disease Triangle, Square, or Tetrahedron

191

(1)

The Concept of Pathogens, Parasites, Saprophytes, and Symbiotic Relationships

192

(1)

Signs and Symptoms of Disease

193

(2)

Linkages Between Diseases, Insects, Fire, and Wind

195

(1)

Diseases in Urban Forests and Street Trees

196

(1)

Forest Pathology Books

196

(1)

References

197

(2)

Abiotic (Nonbiological) and Animal-Caused Injuries

199

(29)

Introduction

199

(1)

The Pattern of Abiotic Injuries

199

(1)

Injuries Caused by Temperature Extremes

200

(2)

Low and High Moisture and Low Soil Oxygen

202

(1)

Global Change

203

(1)

Air Pollution

204

(10)

Types of Air Pollutants

204

(3)

Dispersion of Air Pollutants

207

(2)

Damage Caused by Air Pollutants

209

(3)

Effects of Acid Precipitation

212

(1)

Management of Air Pollution Problems

212

(2)

Herbicides

214

(1)

Mechanical Injuries

215

(2)

Nutrient Deficiencies

217

(3)

Nutrient Imbalances and Elemental Toxicities

220

(1)

Fire

221

(1)

Salt Injury

221

(1)

Animal Damage

222

(4)

Seed Eaters

223

(1)

Voles

224

(1)

Deer and Elk

224

(1)

Tree Squirrels

224

(1)

Porcupines

224

(1)

Black Bears

225

(1)

Pocket Gophers

225

(1)

Mountain Beavers

225

(1)

Snowshoe Hares

226

(1)

Livestock

226

(1)

References

226

(2)

Disease-Causing Organisms

228

(26)

Introduction

228

(1)

Features of Disease-Causing Organisms

228

(9)

Fungi

228

(3)

Parasitic Plants

231

(2)

Bacteria

233

(1)

Viruses and Viroids

233

(1)

Phytoplasmas

234

(1)

Nematodes

235

(2)

Classification, Life Cycles, and Diseases Caused by Fungi

237

(14)

Zygomycota

240

(1)

Ascomycota and Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)

241

(4)

Basidiomycota

245

(2)

Oomycota

247

(4)

Spread and Ecology of Fungi

251

(2)

References

253

(1)

Nursery Diseases and Mycorrhizae

254

(21)

Introduction

254

(1)

Selection of Nursery Sites

255

(1)

Abiotic Injuries

255

(2)

Low-Temperature Injuries

256

(1)

High-Temperature Injuries

256

(1)

Biotic Diseases

257

(7)

Diseases Affecting Seeds, Roots, or Root Collar Areas

257

(4)

Diseases Affecting Shoots

261

(3)

Management of Seedling Diseases

264

(2)

Mycorrhizae

266

(7)

Roles of Mycorrhizae

270

(1)

Management of Ectomycorrhizae

271

(2)

References

273

(2)

Root Diseases

275

(34)

Introduction

275

(1)

Types and Causes of Root Diseases

276

(4)

Structural Root Diseases

276

(1)

Feeder and Vascular Root Diseases

277

(3)

Symptoms, Signs, Hosts, Distribution, and Spread of Root Diseases

280

(16)

Structural Root Diseases

280

(14)

Feeder Root Diseases

294

(1)

Vascular Root Diseases

295

(1)

Interactions Between Root Diseases, Insects, and Fire

296

(1)

Root Disease Management

297

(7)

Inoculum Reduction

297

(1)

Use of Resistant Species

298

(2)

Genetic Resistance

300

(1)

Chemical Treatment of Stumps

300

(1)

Biological Control

301

(1)

Thinning

301

(1)

Fertilization

302

(1)

Avoidance of High-Hazard Sites

302

(1)

Natural Climatic Controls

302

(1)

Prescribed Fire

303

(1)

Quarantine

303

(1)

Doing Nothing or Passive Management

304

(1)

Modeling of Root Diseases and Disease/Bark Beetle Interactions

304

(2)

Conclusions

306

(1)

References

307

(2)

Foliage Diseases and Rusts

309

(24)

Introduction

309

(1)

Foliage Diseases

309

(14)

Typical Symptoms

310

(3)

The Life Cycle of Foliage Pathogens

313

(1)

Specific Hardwood Foliage Diseases

313

(5)

Specific Conifer Foliage Diseases

318

(5)

Rusts

323

(8)

Rust Life Cycles

327

(2)

Management of Rust Diseases

329

(2)

References

331

(2)

Stem and Branch Diseases

333

(31)

Introduction

333

(1)

Mistletoes

333

(8)

Dwarf Mistletoe Infection Rating Scheme

338

(1)

Ecological Relationships

338

(1)

Management

339

(2)

Cankers

341

(6)

Cankers on Hardwoods

341

(5)

Cankers on Conifers

346

(1)

Galls and Other Malformations

347

(1)

Decay

348

(10)

Types of Decay

348

(1)

Decay Terminology

349

(1)

Important Decay Fungi

350

(1)

Spread of Decay Fungi

350

(4)

The Concept of Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT)

354

(2)

Ecological Role of Decays

356

(1)

Management of Decay Fungi

357

(1)

Vascular Wilts

358

(4)

Dutch Elm Disease

358

(4)

Oak Wilt

362

(1)

Stains

362

(1)

References

362

(2)

Forest Declines

364

(19)

Introduction

364

(4)

The Concept of Decline Diseases

368

(13)

The Environmental Stress and Secondary Organisms Theory

368

(1)

The Concept of Predisposing, Inciting, and Contributing Factors

369

(1)

The Climate Change or Climate Perturbation Theory

369

(6)

The Air Pollution Theory

375

(1)

The Ecological Theory

376

(5)

References

381

(2)

Management of Forest Diseases and the Deterioration of Wood Products

383

(15)

Introduction

383

(1)

Forest Disease Management

383

(7)

Disease Detection, Recognition, and Appraisal

383

(1)

Major Management Strategies

384

(1)

Silvicultural Management

384

(6)

Integration of Disease, Insect, and Fire Management

390

(1)

Modeling Forest Diseases

390

(3)

Wood Products Deterioration

393

(3)

References

396

(2)

Introduction to Forest Entomology

398

(15)

Introduction

398

(3)

Historical Perspective

401

(8)

Europe

403

(2)

North America

405

(4)

The Future of Forest Entomology

409

(1)

References

410

(3)

Basic Entomology

413

(23)

Introduction

413

(1)

The Arthropoda

414

(4)

The Chelicerata

414

(3)

The Mandibulata

417

(1)

The Insects

418

(8)

External Morphology

418

(3)

Internal Morphology

421

(3)

Insect Development

424

(2)

Insect Orders

426

(9)

The Collembola (Springtails)

426

(4)

The Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

430

(1)

The Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

430

(1)

The Plecoptera (Stone flies)

430

(1)

The Dictyoptera (Suborder Isoptera) (Termites)

431

(1)

The Orthoptera and Other Dictyoptera (Crickets, Grasshoppers, Walking Sticks, Mantids, Roaches, etc.)

431

(1)

The Thysanoptera (Thrips)

432

(1)

The Hemiptera (Suborder Heteroptera) (True Bugs)

432

(1)

The Hemiptera (Suborder Homoptera) (Aphids, Cicadas, Leafhoppers and Planthoppers, and Scales)

432

(1)

The Coleoptera (Beetles)

433

(1)

The Trichoptera (Caddis Flies)

433

(1)

The Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies)

433

(1)

The Hymenoptera (Ants, Parasitic Wasps, Bees, Hornets, Sawflies, and Others)

434

(1)

The Neuroptera (Lacewings, Antlions, Alderflies, and Dobsonflies)

435

(1)

The Diptera (Flies)

435

(1)

References

435

(1)

Principles of Forest Insect Management

436

(26)

Introduction

436

(1)

Public Forestry and Forest Health

436

(3)

Timber Management

439

(1)

Insect Pest Management

440

(19)

Mechanical and Physical Control

442

(1)

Chemical Control

442

(5)

Semiochemical Control

447

(2)

Biological Control

449

(8)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

457

(2)

References

459

(3)

Insect Defoliators

462

(29)

Introduction

462

(1)

Detection, Evaluation, and Control

463

(6)

Detection

465

(2)

Applied Control

467

(2)

The Defoliators

469

(19)

Eastern and Southern North American Forests

471

(10)

Western North American Forests

481

(7)

References

488

(3)

Bark Beetles and Their Management

491

(25)

Introduction

491

(4)

Associations with Fungi

491

(2)

Biology of Bark Beetles

493

(2)

Management of Bark Beetles

495

(3)

Damage Thresholds

496

(1)

Detection

497

(1)

Pest Control Strategies

497

(1)

The Dendroctonus

498

(10)

The Southern Pine Beetle (D. frontalis)

498

(4)

The Mountain Pine Beetle (D. ponderosae)

502

(2)

The Douglas-Fir beetle (D. pseudotsugae)

504

(1)

The Spruce Beetle (D. rufipennis)

505

(1)

The Western Pine Beetle (D. brevicomis)

506

(2)

The Engraver Beetles (Ips and Scolytus)

508

(6)

The Engraver Beetles (Ips spp.)

508

(4)

The Scolytus Engraver Beetles

512

(2)

References

514

(2)

Ambrosia Beetles and Their Management

516

(10)

Introduction

516

(1)

Ambrosia Beetles and Softwoods

517

(5)

Ambrosia Beetles and Hardwoods

522

(2)

References

524

(2)

Wood Products Insects

526

(17)

Introduction

526

(16)

Borers of Living Trees

526

(4)

Borers of Weakened Trees, Windthrows, and Logs

530

(6)

Borers of Dry and Seasoned Wood

536

(6)

References

542

(1)

Insects of Seed Orchards, Nurseries, and Young Plantations

543

(18)

Introduction

543

(1)

Seed Orchards

544

(4)

Nurseries

548

(5)

Plantations

553

(7)

References

560

(1)

Forest Insect Quarantine

561

(10)

Introduction

561

(5)

Regulations on Importation of Logs and Wood Products

566

(3)

References

569

(2)

Glossary

571

(20)

Credits

591

(2)

Index

593

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Forest Health And Protection

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials