- ISBN: 9781119083900 | 1119083907
- Cover: Loose-leaf
- Copyright: 8/2/2016
This text is an unbound, three hole punched version.
Used by over 750,000 students, Foundations of College Chemistry, Binder Ready Version, 15th Edition is praised for its accuracy, clear no-nonsense approach, and direct writing style. Foundations’ direct and straightforward explanations focus on problem solving making it the most dependable text on the market. Its comprehensive scope, proven track record, outstanding in-text examples and problem sets, were all designed to provide instructors with a solid text while not overwhelming students in a difficult course.
Foundations fits into the prep/intro chemistry courses which often include a wide mix of students from science majors not yet ready for general chemistry, allied health students in their 1st semester of a GOB sequence, science education students (for elementary school teachers), to the occasional liberal arts student fulfilling a science requirement. Foundations was specifically designed to meet this wide array of needs.
Morris Hein is the author of Foundations of College Chemistry, Binder Ready Version, 15th Edition, published by Wiley. Susan Arena is the author of Foundations of College Chemistry, Binder Ready Version, 15th Edition, published by Wiley.
1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.1 The Nature of Chemistry 2
Thinking Like a Chemist 2
1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving 3
Chemistry in action Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists 4
The Scientific Method 4
1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5
Physical States of Matter 6
1.4 Classifying Matter 7
Distinguishing Mixtures from Pure Substances 9
Review 10
Review Questions 11
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises 11
Answers to Practice Exercises 13
2 Standards for Measurement 14
2.1 Scientific Notation 15
2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 16
2.3 Significant Figures 17
Rounding Off Numbers 18
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 19
Multiplication or Division 19
Addition or Subtraction 20
2.5 The Metric System 22
Measurement of Length 23
Unit Conversions 24
Measurement of Mass 25
Chemistry in action Keeping Track of Units 26
Measurement of Volume 26
2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method 27
2.7 Percent 31
2.8 Measurement of Temperature 34
Chemistry in action Setting Standards 35
2.9 Density 37
Review 40
Review Questions 41
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 41
Answers to Practice Exercises 47
3 Elements and Compounds 48
3.1 Elements 49
Natural States of the Elements 49
Distribution of Elements 50
Names of the Elements 51
Symbols of the Elements 51
Chemistry in action Naming Elements 52
3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table 53
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 54
Diatomic Elements 55
Chemistry in action Smartphone Elements 56
3.3 Compounds and Formulas 56
Molecular and Ionic Compounds 57
Writing Formulas of Compounds 58
Composition of Compounds 60
Review 62
Review Questions, Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 63
Answers to Practice Exercises 67
4 Properties of Matter 68
4.1 Properties of Substances 69
Chemistry in action Making Money 70
4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes 71
4.3 Learning to Solve Problems 74
4.4 Energy 74
Energy in Chemical Changes 75
Conservation of Energy 76
4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 76
4.6 Energy in the Real World 78
Chemistry in action Popping Popcorn 79
Review 81
Review Questions 82
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 82
Answers to Practice Exercises 85
5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure 86
5.1 Dalton’s Model of the Atom 87
5.2 Electric Charge 88
Discovery of Ions 88
5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 89
5.4 The Nuclear Atom 91
General Arrangement of Subatomic Particles 92
Atomic Numbers of the Elements 93
5.5 Isotopes of the Elements 93
Chemistry in action Isotope Detectives 95
5.6 Atomic Mass 95
Review 97
Review Questions 98
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 98
Answers to Practice Exercises 101
6 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 102
6.1 Common and Systematic Names 103
6.2 Elements and Ions 103
Chemistry in action What’s in a Name? 105
6.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds 107
6.4 Naming Binary Compounds 109
Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal Forming Only One Type of Cation 109
Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Can Form Two or More Types of Cations 110
Binary Compounds Containing Two Nonmetals 112
6.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 113
6.6 Acids 115
Binary Acids 115
Naming Oxy-Acids 116
Review 118
Review Questions 119
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise 120
Answers to Practice Exercises 122
7 Quantitative Composition of Compounds 123
7.1 The Mole 124
7.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 128
7.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 131
Percent Composition from Formula 132
Chemistry in action Feeling the Molecular Heat? 134
Percent Composition from Experimental Data 134
7.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas 135
7.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula 138
Review 141
Review Questions 142
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 142
Answers to Practice Exercises 146
8 Chemical Equations 147
8.1 The Chemical Equation 148
Conservation of Mass 149
8.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 149
Information in a Chemical Equation 154
8.3 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 155
8.4 Types of Chemical Equations 155
Synthesis (Combination) Reaction 155
Chemistry in Action CO Poisoning—A Silent Killer 156
Combustion Reaction 157
Decomposition Reaction 157
Single-Displacement Reaction 158
Double-Displacement Reaction 159
8.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 161
8.6 Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect 164
Chemistry in action Decreasing Carbon Footprints 166
Review 167
Review Questions 169
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercise 169
Answers to Practice Exercises 174
9 Calculations from Chemical Equations 175
9.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 176
A Short Review 176
9.2 Mole–Mole Calculations 178
9.3 Mole–Mass Calculations 181
9.4 Mass–Mass Calculations 182
9.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations 184
Chemistry in action A Shrinking Technology 185
Review 190
Review Questions 191
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 191
Answers to Practice Exercises 195
10 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 196
10.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 197
Electromagnetic Radiation 197
Chemistry in action You Light Up My Life 198
10.2 The Bohr Atom 198
10.3 Energy Levels of Electrons 200
Chemistry in action Atomic Clocks 202
10.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements 203
10.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table 206
Chemistry in action Collecting the Elements 207
Review 212
Review Questions 213
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 213
Answers to Practice Exercises 217
11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 218
11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 219
Metals and Nonmetals 219
Atomic Radius 220
Ionization Energy 220
11.2 Lewis Structures of Atoms 222
11.3 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another 223
11.4 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds 228
11.5 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons 230
11.6 Electronegativity 232
Chemistry in Action Trans-forming Fats 234
11.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds 235
Chemistry in Action Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet? 238
11.8 Complex Lewis Structures 239
11.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 240
11.10 Molecular Shape 241
The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model 241
Review 245
Review Questions 247
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 247
Answers to Practice Exercises 252
12 The Gaseous State of Matter 253
12.1 Properties of Gases 254
Measuring the Pressure of a Gas 254
Pressure Dependence on the Number of Molecules and the Temperature 256
Chemistry in action What the Nose Knows 257
12.2 Boyle’s Law 258
12.3 Charles’ Law 261
12.4 Avogadro’s Law 264
12.5 Combined Gas Laws 266
Mole–Mass–Volume Relationships of Gases 268
12.6 Ideal Gas Law 269
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 271
Real Gases 272
Chemistry in action Air Quality 273
12.7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 272
12.8 Density of Gases 275
12.9 Gas Stoichiometry 276
Mole–Volume and Mass–Volume Calculations 276
Volume–Volume Calculations 278
Review 280
Review Questions 282
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 282
Answers to Practice Exercises 287
13 Liquids 288
13.1 States of Matter: A Review 289
13.2 Properties of Liquids 289
Surface Tension 289
Evaporation 290
Vapor Pressure 291
13.3 Boiling Point and Melting Point 292
Chemistry in Action Chemical Eye Candy 294
13.4 Changes of State 294
13.5 Intermolecular Forces 296
Dipole–Dipole Attractions 296
The Hydrogen Bond 297
Chemistry in Action How Sweet It Is! 299
London Dispersion Forces 300
13.6 Hydrates 301
13.7 Water, a Unique Liquid 303
Physical Properties of Water 303
Chemistry in Action Reverse Osmosis? 304
Structure of the Water Molecule 304
Sources of Water for a Thirsty World 305
Review 306
Review Questions 307
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 311
Answers to Practice Exercises 311
14 Solutions 312
14.1 General Properties of Solutions 313
14.2 Solubility 314
The Nature of the Solute and Solvent 315
The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 316
The Effect of Pressure on Solubility 317
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 317
14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 318
14.4 Concentration of Solutions 319
Dilute and Concentrated Solutions 320
Mass Percent Solution 320
Mass/Volume Percent (m/v) 322
Volume Percent 322
Molarity 322
Dilution Problems 326
14.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 327
14.6 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 332
Chemistry in action The Scoop on Ice Cream 331
Review 334
Review Questions 335
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 336
Answers to Practice Exercises 342
15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 343
15.1 Acids and Bases 344
Chemistry in action Drug Delivery: An Acid–Base Problem 347
Acid Reactions 348
Base Reactions 348
15.2 Salts 348
Chemistry in action A Cool Fizz 349
15.3 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 350
Dissociation and Ionization of Electrolytes 350
Strong and Weak Electrolytes 352
Ionization of Water 354
15.4 Introduction to pH 355
15.5 Neutralization 357
15.6 Writing Net Ionic Equations 360
Chemistry in action Ocean Corals Threatened by Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels 362
Review 363
Review Questions 364
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 364
Answers to Practice Exercises 367
16 Chemical Equilibrium 368
16.1 Rates of Reaction 369
16.2 Chemical Equilibrium 370
Reversible Reactions 370
16.3 Le Châtelier’s Principle 372
Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium 372
Chemistry in Action New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill 374
Effect of Volume on Equilibrium 375
Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium 377
Effect of Catalysts on Equilibrium 378
16.4 Equilibrium Constants 378
16.5 Ion Product Constant for Water 380
16.6 Ionization Constants 382
16.7 Solubility Product Constant 384
16.8 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH 387
Chemistry in Action Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 388
Review 390
Review Questions 391
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 392
Answers to Practice Exercises 396
17 Oxidation–Reduction 397
17.1 Oxidation Number 398
Oxidation–Reduction 401
17.2 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 402
17.3 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations 406
17.4 Activity Series of Metals 409
17.5 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells 411
Review 415
Review Questions 417
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 418
Answers to Practice Exercises 422
18 Nuclear Chemistry 423
18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 424
Natural Radioactivity 425
18.2 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays 427
Alpha Particles 427
Beta Particles 428
Gamma Rays 428
18.3 Radioactive Disintegration Series 430
Transmutation of Elements 431
Artificial Radioactivity 432
Transuranium Elements 432
18.4 Measurement of Radioactivity 432
18.5 Nuclear energy 434
Nuclear Fission 434
Chemistry in Action Does Your Food Glow in the Dark? 434
Nuclear Power 436
The Atomic Bomb 437
Nuclear Fusion 438
18.6 Mass–Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions 439
18.7 Biological Effects of Radiation 440
Acute Radiation Damage 440
Long-Term Radiation Damage 440
Genetic Effects 440
Chemistry in Action A Window into Living Organisms 441
Review 442
Review Questions 443
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises Challenge Exercises 444
Answers to Practice Exercises 446
19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry (online only) 447
19.1 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 448
19.2 Why Carbon? 448
Hydrocarbons 450
19.3 Alkanes 451
Structural Formulas and Isomerism 451
Naming Alkanes 454
19.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 458
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 458
Reactions of Alkenes 461
Addition 461
19.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 462
Naming Aromatic Compounds 463
Monosubstituted Benzenes 463
Disubstituted Benzenes 463
Tri- and Polysubstituted Benzenes 464
19.6 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 465
Alkyl Halides 466
19.7 Alcohols 467
Methanol 468
Ethanol 469
Naming Alcohols 470
19.8 Ethers 471
Naming Ethers 472
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 473
Naming Aldehydes 474
Naming Ketones 474
19.10 Carboxylic Acids 476
19.11 Esters 478
Chemistry in action Getting Clothes CO2 Clean! 479
19.12 Polymers—Macromolecules 480
Review 482
Review Questions 484
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises 485
Answers to Practice Exercises 489
20 Introduction to Biochemistry (online only) 491
20.1 Chemistry in Living Organisms 492
20.2 Carbohydrates 492
Monosaccharides 492
Disaccharides 494
Polysaccharides 496
20.3 Lipids 497
20.4 Amino Acids and Proteins 501
Chemistry in action The Taste of Umami 505
20.5 Enzymes 506
20.6 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and Genetics 508
DNA and Genetics 512
Review 514
Review Questions and Exercises 515
Answers to Practice Exercises 517
Appendices A1
1 Mathematical and Review A1
2 Units of Measurement A10
3 Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures A11
4 Solubility Table A12
5 Answers to Selected Exercises A13
Glossary G1
Index I1
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