Fox and Mcdonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fox & McDonald’s Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 9^th Edition has been one of the most widely adopted textbooks in the field. This highly-regarded text continues to provide readers with a balanced and comprehensive approach to mastering critical concepts, incorporating a proven problem-solving methodology that helps readers develop an orderly plan to finding the right solution and relating results to expected physical behavior. The ninth edition features a wealth of example problems integrated throughout the text as well as a variety of new end of chapter problems.

Philip J. Pritchard is the author of Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition, published by Wiley.

John W. Mitchell is the author of Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition, published by Wiley.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2

Note to Students 2

Scope of Fluid Mechanics 3

Definition of a Fluid 3

1.2 Basic Equations 4

1.3 Methods of Analysis 5

System and Control Volume 6

Differential versus Integral Approach 7

Methods of Description 7

1.4 Dimensions and Units 9

Systems of Dimensions 9

Systems of Units 10

Preferred Systems of Units 11

Dimensional Consistency and “Engineering” Equations 11

1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13

1.6 Summary 14

Problems 14

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 17

2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 18

2.2 Velocity Field 19

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 20

Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines 21

2.3 Stress Field 25

2.4 Viscosity 27

Newtonian Fluid 28

Non-Newtonian Fluids 30

2.5 Surface Tension 31

2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 34

Viscous and Inviscid Flows 34

Laminar and Turbulent Flows 36

Compressible and Incompressible Flows 37

Internal and External Flows 38

2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 39

References 40

Problems 40

CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS 47

3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 48

3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 51

3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 52

Incompressible Liquids: Manometers 52

Gases 57

3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 59

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface 59

Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface 66

3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 69

3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (www.wiley.com/college/pritchard) 72

3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 72

References 73

Problems 73

CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 82

4.1 Basic Laws for a System 84

Conservation of Mass 84

Newton’s Second Law 84

The Angular-Momentum Principle 84

The First Law of Thermodynamics 85

The Second Law of Thermodynamics 85

4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 85

Derivation 86

Physical Interpretation 88

4.3 Conservation of Mass 89

Special Cases 90

4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 94

Differential Control Volume Analysis 105

Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity 109

4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 111

4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web) 117

4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 117

Equation for Fixed Control Volume 117

4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 121

Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume 122

Control Volume Equation 123

4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 128

Problems 129

CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION 144

5.1 Conservation of Mass 145

Rectangular Coordinate System 145

Cylindrical Coordinate System 149

5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 151

5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 153

Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field 154

Fluid Rotation 160

Fluid Deformation 163

5.4 Momentum Equation 167

Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 167

Differential Momentum Equation 168

Newtonian Fluid: Navier–Stokes Equations 168

5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 176

The Need for CFD 176

Applications of CFD 177

Some Basic CFD/Numerical Methods Using a Spreadsheet 178

The Strategy of CFD 182

Discretization Using the Finite-Difference Method 183

Assembly of Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions 184

Solution of Discrete System 185

Grid Convergence 185

Dealing with Nonlinearity 186

Direct and Iterative Solvers 187

Iterative Convergence 188

Concluding Remarks 189

5.6 Summary and Useful Equations 190

References 192

Problems 192

CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW 198

6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler’s Equation 199

6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 202

Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates 202

Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates 203

Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 205

Applications 207

Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 212

6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 213

6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 217

6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web) 219

6.6 Irrotational Flow 219

Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow 219

Velocity Potential 220

Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace’s Equation 221

Elementary Plane Flows 223

Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows 225

6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 234

References 235

Problems 236

CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 244

7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 245

7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis 246

7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem 248

7.4 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 254

7.5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 256

Incomplete Similarity 258

Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters 263

Comments on Model Testing 266

7.6 Summary and Useful Equations 267

References 268

Problems 268

CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 275

8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 276

Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 276

The Entrance Region 277

PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 277

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates 277

Both Plates Stationary 278

Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U 283

8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 288

PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 292

8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 293

8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 294

8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 297

Kinetic Energy Coefficient 298

Head Loss 298

8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 299

Major Losses: Friction Factor 299

Minor Losses 303

Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems 308

Noncircular Ducts 309

8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 309

Single-Path Systems 310

Multiple-Path Systems 322

PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT 326

8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 326

The Orifice Plate 329

The Flow Nozzle 330

The Venturi 332

The Laminar Flow Element 332

Linear Flow Meters 335

Traversing Methods 336

8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 337

References 340

Problems 341

CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 353

PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 355

9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept 355

9.2 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (www.wiley.com/college/pritchard) 359

9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 359

9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 363

Laminar Flow 364

Turbulent Flow 368

Summary of Results for Boundary-Layer Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 371

9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow 371

PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 374

9.6 Drag 374

Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow 375

Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow 378

Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder 378

Streamlining 384

9.7 Lift 386

9.8 Summary and Useful Equations 400

References 402

Problems 403

CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY 412

10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 413

Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid 413

Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid 415

Scope of Coverage 417

10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 417

The Angular-Momentum Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation 417

Velocity Diagrams 419

Performance—Hydraulic Power 422

Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed 423

10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 428

Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps 428

Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans 429

Performance Characteristics 432

Similarity Rules 437

Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 441

Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems 444

Blowers and Fans 455

10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 461

10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 464

Hydraulic Turbine Theory 464

Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines 466

Sizing Hydraulic Turbines for Fluid Systems 470

10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines 474

Propellers 474

Wind-Power Machines 482

10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 490

Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine 490

Compressors 491

Compressible-Flow Turbines 495

10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 495

References 497

Problems 499

CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 507

11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 509

Simplifying Assumptions 509

Channel Geometry 511

Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number 512

11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows 516

Specific Energy 518

Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy 521

11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change(Frictionless Flow) 524

Flow over a Bump 524

11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 528

Depth Increase across a Hydraulic Jump 531

Head Loss across a Hydraulic Jump 532

11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 534

The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow 536

Energy Equation for Uniform Flow 541

Optimum Channel Cross Section 543

11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 544

Calculation of Surface Profiles 545

11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 548

Suppressed Rectangular Weir 548

Contracted Rectangular Weirs 549

Triangular Weir 549

Broad-Crested Weir 550

11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 551

References 552

Problems 553

CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 556

12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 557

12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 563

Speed of Sound 563

Types of Flow—The Mach Cone 567

12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 570

Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas 571

12.4 Critical Conditions 577

12.5 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 577

Continuity Equation 577

Momentum Equation 578

First Law of Thermodynamics 578

Second Law of Thermodynamics 579

Equation of State 579

12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 580

Subsonic Flow, M Supersonic Flow, M >1 583

Sonic Flow, M =1 583

Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 584

Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle 589

Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle 593

12.7 Normal Shocks 598

Basic Equations for a Normal Shock 599

Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas 601

12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 605

12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks

12.9 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction (www.wiley.com/college/pritchard) 607

12.10 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange (www.wiley.com/college/pritchard) 607

12.11 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves(www.wiley.com/college/pritchard) 607

12.12 Summary and Useful Equations 607

References 610

Problems 610

APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA 615

APPENDIX B VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS 627

APPENDIX C SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS 629

APPENDIX D FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 640

APPENDIX E ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY 643

APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FUNCTIONS (WWW.WILEY.COM/

COLLEGE/PRITCHARD ONLINE) WF-1

APPENDIX G A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (WWW.WILEY.COM/COLLEGE/ PRITCHARD) WG-1

Answers to Selected Problems 649

Index 656

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