Fttx Concepts And Applications

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ISBN: 9780471704201 | 0471704202
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/30/2006

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This book presents fundamental passive optical network (PON) concepts, providing you with the tools needed to understand, design, and build these new access networks. The logical sequence of topics begins with the underlying principles and components of optical fiber communication technologies used in access networks. Next, the book progresses from descriptions of PON and fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) alternatives to their application to fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) networks and, lastly, to essential measurement and testing procedures for network installation and maintenance.An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Preface

Chapter 1 Access Technologies

(18)

1.1 General Network Concepts

(7)

1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts

(1)

1.1.2 Types of Networks

(1)

1.1.3 Network Terminology

(2)

1.1.4 First-Mile Concept

(1)

1.1.5 Network Market Opportunities

(1)

1.1.6 Terminology for Premises

(1)

1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies

(4)

1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber—Coax

(1)

1.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line

(2)

1.2.3 WiMAX

(1)

1.3 Passive Optical Networks

(3)

1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures

(1)

1.3.2 What Is FTTx?

(2)

1.4 Point-to-Point Links

(1)

1.5 Summary

(1)

Further Reading

(2)

Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials

(26)

2.1 Definitions of Units and Terms

(7)

2.1.1 Metric Prefixes

(1)

2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands

(1)

2.1.3 Optical Spectral Band

(1)

2.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy

(1)

2.1.5 Decibel Units

(3)

2.1.6 Refractive Index

(1)

2.2 Elements of an Optical Link

(2)

2.3 Optical Fibers

(5)

2.3.1 Fiber Structures

(3)

2.3.2 Rays and Modes

(2)

2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation

(2)

2.5 Fiber Information Capacity

(3)

2.5.1 Modal Dispersion

(1)

2.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion

(1)

2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion

(1)

2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers

(2)

2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

(1)

2.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering

(1)

2.7 Optical Fiber Standards

(1)

2.8 Summary

(1)

Problems

(2)

Further Reading

(1)

Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

(16)

3.1 Operational Principles of WDM

(3)

3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions

(1)

3.1.2 Generic WDM Link

(1)

3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids

(3)

3.2.1 Dense WDM

(1)

3.2.2 Coarse WDM

(1)

3.2.3 PON Spectral Regions

(1)

3.3 Optical Couplers

(3)

3.3.1 Basic 2 X 2 Coupler

(1)

3.3.2 Coupler Performance

(1)

3.3.3 Tap Coupler

(1)

3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links

(1)

3.5 Summary

(1)

Problems

(2)

Further Reading

(2)

Chapter 4 PON Transceivers

(18)

4.1 Optical Sources for PONs

(3)

4.1.1 Source Characteristics

(1)

4.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers

(1)

4.1.3 Modulation Speed

(1)

4.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages

(1)

4.2 Optical Receivers

(5)

4.2.1 Photodetector Types

(1)

4.2.2 Quantum Efficiency

(1)

4.2.3 Responsivity

(1)

4.2.4 Speed of Detector Response

(1)

4.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth

(1)

4.2.6 Photodetector Noise

(1)

4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR

(1)

4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept

(2)

4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission

(1)

4.6 PON Transceiver Packages

(1)

4.7 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

Further Reading

(2)

Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components

(22)

5.1 WDM Couplers for PONs

(7)

5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters

(5)

5.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings

(1)

5.2 Optical Power Splitter

(3)

5.2.1 Splitting Loss

(1)

5.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure

(2)

5.3 Optical Cables for PONs

(3)

5.3.1 Cable Structures

(2)

5.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding

(1)

5.4 Fiber Interconnections

(5)

5.4.1 Optical Connectors

(2)

5.4.2 Connector Losses

(2)

5.4.3 Optical Splices

(1)

5.5 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

Further Reading

100

(1)

Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks

101

(18)

6.1 Fundamental PON Architecture

102

(2)

6.2 Active PON Modules

104

(2)

6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal

104

(1)

6.2.2 Optical Network Terminal

105

(1)

6.2.3 Optical Network Unit

105

(1)

6.3 Traffic Flows

106

(2)

6.4 Passive Component Applications

108

(3)

6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs

108

(1)

6.4.2 Optical Power Splitters

108

(2)

6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures

110

(1)

6.4.4 Wavelength Couplers

110

(1)

6.5 PON Alternatives

111

(2)

6.5.1 BPON Basics

112

(1)

6.5.2 EPON and EFM

112

(1)

6.5.3 GPON Basics

113

(1)

6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges

113

(1)

6.7 Standards Development

114

(1)

6.7.1 ITU-T

114

(1)

6.7.2 FSAN

114

(1)

6.7.3 IEEE

115

(1)

6.8 Summary

115

(1)

Problems

116

(1)

Further Reading

117

(2)

Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics

119

(20)

7.1 BPON Architecture

119

(3)

7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes

120

(1)

7.1.2 OLT Capabilities

121

(1)

7.2 ATM Basics

122

(4)

7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells

122

(1)

7.2.2 ATM Service Categories

123

(3)

7.2.3 Service Level Agreements

126

(1)

7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics

126

(3)

7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows

127

(1)

7.3.2 Protection of Grants

128

(1)

7.3.3 Video Traffic

129

(1)

7.4 Traffic Control

129

(3)

7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation

130

(1)

7.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

130

(2)

7.5 Standards Details

132

(2)

7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1

132

(1)

7.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2

132

(1)

7.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3

133

(1)

7.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4

133

(1)

7.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5

133

(1)

7.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6

133

(1)

7.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7

134

(1)

7.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8

134

(1)

7.6 Summary

134

(1)

Problems

135

(2)

Further Reading

137

(2)

Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile

139

(16)

8.1 EFM Options

140

(1)

8.2 EPON Architecture

141

(4)

8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions

142

(1)

8.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows

142

(3)

8.2.3 Power Levels Received

145

(1)

8.3 MPCP Functions

145

(3)

8.3.1 Discovery Process

145

(1)

8.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment

146

(1)

8.3.3 Transmission Timing

147

(1)

8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet

148

(1)

8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber

148

(1)

8.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper

149

(1)

8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards

149

(1)

8.6 Summary

150

(1)

Problems

150

(3)

Further Reading

153

(2)

Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics

155

(16)

9.1 GPON Architecture

155

(4)

9.1.1 GSR Specification

156

(1)

9.1.2 GPON Protection Switching

157

(1)

9.1.3 Information Security in a GPON

158

(1)

9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2

159

(3)

9.2.1 Optical Performances

159

(1)

9.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control

160

(1)

9.2.3 Forward Error Correction

161

(1)

9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer

162

(4)

9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format

162

(2)

9.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format

164

(1)

9.3.3 GEM Segment

165

(1)

9.4 ONT Management and Control

166

(1)

9.5 Summary

166

(1)

Problems

167

(2)

Further Reading

169

(2)

Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications

171

(18)

10.1 Implementation Scenarios

171

(4)

10.1.1 Application Alternatives

171

(2)

10.1.2 Installation Types

173

(2)

10.2 Network Architectures

175

(4)

10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations

175

(2)

10.2.2 Network Design Variations

177

(2)

10.3 Local Powering Options

179

(2)

10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply

179

(1)

10.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply

180

(1)

10.3.3 Network Powering

181

(1)

10.4 Service Applications

181

(3)

10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements

182

(1)

10.4.2 Video Service Issues

182

(2)

10.5 Expanded WDM PON

184

(1)

10.6 Summary

185

(1)

Problems

186

(1)

Further Reading

187

(2)

Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design

189

(20)

11.1 Design Criteria

189

(4)

11.1.1 System Requirements

190

(1)

11.1.2 System Margin

191

(1)

11.1.3 Power Penalties

191

(2)

11.2 Link Power Budget

193

(6)

11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process

194

(2)

11.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget

196

(2)

11.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget

198

(1)

11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools

199

(1)

11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics

199

(1)

11.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool

200

(1)

11.4 Link Capacity Estimates

200

(3)

11.4.1 Basic Formulation

200

(1)

11.4.2 Basic Rise Times

201

(1)

11.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time

202

(1)

11.5 Network Protection Schemes

203

(1)

11.6 Summary

204

(1)

Problems

205

(2)

Further Reading

207

(2)

Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations

209

(24)

12.1 Central Office Configuration

209

(6)

12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network

210

(1)

12.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces

211

(1)

12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement

212

(2)

12.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables

214

(1)

12.2 Feeder Cables

215

(2)

12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures

215

(1)

12.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet

216

(1)

12.3 Distribution Section

217

(2)

12.4 Installation of PON Cables

219

(11)

12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations

220

(3)

12.4.2 Horizontal Drilling

223

(1)

12.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts

224

(1)

12.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation

225

(3)

12.4.5 Aerial Installation

228

(1)

12.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers

228

(2)

12.5 Summary

230

(1)

Problems

231

(1)

Further Reading

232

(1)

Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing

233

(26)

13.1 International Measurement Standards

235

(1)

13.2 Basic Test Instruments

236

(1)

13.3 Optical Power Measurements

237

(3)

13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power

237

(1)

13.3.2 Optical Power Meter

238

(1)

13.3.3 Power Meter Applications

239

(1)

13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer

240

(3)

13.4.1 OTDR Trace

240

(2)

13.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone

242

(1)

13.4.3 Fiber Fault Location

243

(1)

13.5 Optical Return Loss

243

(1)

13.6 Visual Fault Locator

244

(1)

13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set

245

(1)

13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument

245

(1)

13.9 Device Conformance Testing

246

(1)

13.10 FTTP Network Testing

247

(5)

13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses

248

(1)

13.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check

249

(1)

13.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization

249

(2)

13.10.4 ORL Measurements

251

(1)

13.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks

251

(1)

13.10.6 ONT Output Check

252

(1)

13.11 FTTP Network Troubleshooting

252

(3)

13.11.1 Resolutions of Network Problems

253

(2)

13.11.2 Troubleshooting Guidelines

255

(1)

13.12 Summary

255

(1)

Problems

256

(2)

References and Further Reading

258

(1)

Chapter 14 Network Management Functions

259

(10)

14.1 Basic Network Management

260

(1)

14.2 Management Functions

261

(4)

14.2.1 Performance Management

262

(1)

14.2.2 Configuration Management

262

(1)

14.2.3 Accounting Management

263

(1)

14.2.4 Fault Management

263

(1)

14.2.5 Security Management

264

(1)

14.3 OAM&P in FTTP Networks

265

(1)

14.4 Summary

266

(1)

Problems

267

(1)

Further Reading

268

(1)

Appendix A Units, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors

269

(2)

Appendix B Acronyms

271

(6)

Appendix C Video Transmission

277

(2)

Appendix D Communication Signals

279

(4)

Appendix E Telcordia Generic Requirements for PON Applications

283

(2)

Index

285

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Fttx Concepts And Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials