Functional Lung Imaging

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ISBN: 9780824754273 | 0824754271
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/24/2005

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Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Explores the utilization and advancement of cutting-edge imaging modalities for the analysis of pulmonary function. Illustrates the physiological basis of functional lung imaging and demonstrates its impact on the study of lung diseases. Focuses on management strategies for clinical lung disorders.

Introduction

Claude Lenfant

Foreword

Warren B. Gefter and Eric A. Hoffman

vii

Preface

Contributors

xiii

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1. Chest Radiography, Fluoroscopy, Angiography, and Pulmonary Function Testing

(10)

Edwin J.R. van Beek and David A. Lipson

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Chest Radiography

(1)

III. Fluoroscopy

(1)

IV. Angiography

(1)

V. Pulmonary Function Tests

(2)

References

(4)

PART II: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

2. Computed Tomography: Introduction to CT Imaging

(20)

Philippe A. Grenier, Catherine Beigelman-Aubry, and Catalin Fetita

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Image Acquisition

(3)

III. Image Visualization and Postprocessing

(5)

IV. Image Analysis

(6)

References

(5)

3. CT Ventilation Imaging: Technical Background and Impact in Acute Lung Injury and ARDS Management

(30)

Luciano Gattinoni, Pietro Biondetti, Eleonora Carlesso, and Davide Chiumello

I. Introduction

(1)

II. ARDS Morphology

(2)

III. Time Evolution

(2)

IV. Quantitative CT Analysis

(6)

V. Physiological Insight

(9)

VI. CT Scan and Position

(1)

VII. CT Scan and Abdominal Pressure

(1)

VIII. Clinical Use of the CT Scan

(1)

References

(7)

4. Imaging Respiratory Mechanics

(24)

Hans-Ulrich Kauczor

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Parenchymal Mechanics

(2)

III. Interaction Between Airways and Parenchyma

(3)

IV. Malacia of Airways

(2)

V. Bulk and Shear Modulus

(1)

VI. Gravitational Effects

(1)

VII. Anterior-Posterior Gradients in Imaging

(1)

VIII. Differences Between Supine and Prone Posture

(2)

IX. "Air Trapping"

(1)

X. Parenchymal Mechanics in Different Lung Diseases

(2)

XI. Diaphragm and Chest Wall

(5)

XII. Conclusion

(1)

References

(4)

5. Pulmonary CT Angiography

(56)

Mathias Prokop, Ieneke J. Hartmann, Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop, and Christoph Engelke

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Acquisition Technique

(7)

III. Contrast Material Injection

(2)

IV. CT Venography

(1)

V. Image Evaluation and Postprocessing

(2)

VI. Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism

100

(20)

VII. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

120

(6)

VIII. Other Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension

126

(1)

IX. Arteriovenous Shunting

126

(3)

X. Pulmonary Aneurysms

129

(3)

XI. Vasculitis

132

(1)

XII. Tumors Involving the Pulmonary Vessels

133

(2)

XIII. Summary

135

(1)

References

135

(8)

PART III: MAGNETIC RESONANCE

6. Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging

143

(8)

Edwin J.R. van Beek, Stanislao Fichele, and David A. Lipson

I. Introduction

143

(1)

II. Basic Physics

144

(3)

III. Proton Density MRI

147

(1)

IV. Half-Fourier Techniques

147

(1)

V. Arterial Spin Labeling

147

(2)

VI. MR Angiography

149

(1)

VII. Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI

149

(1)

References

150

(1)

7. Noble Gas Ventilation Imaging Using ³He and 129Xe: An Introduction

151

(10)

Edwin J.R. van Beek and David A. Lipson

I. Introduction

151

(3)

II. Hardware Requirements

154

(1)

III. ³He MR Imaging

155

(2)

IV. 129Xe MR Imaging

157

(1)

V. Conclusions

158

(1)

References

158

(3)

8. Dynamic Imaging of Lung Ventilation with Hyperpolarized Gas MRI

161

(20)

Jim M. Wild and Edwin J.R. van Beek

I. Introduction

162

(1)

II. MRI Methodology

162

(8)

III. Quantitative Evaluation

170

(1)

IV. Clinical Applications

171

(4)

V. Dynamic Imaging Using Proton MRI

175

(2)

References

177

(4)

9. Oxygen-Enhanced Ventilation Imaging

181

(30)

Vu M. Mai and Qun Chen

I. Introduction

182

(1)

II. Paramagnetic Properties of Oxygen

182

(2)

III. Prerequisites for Oxygen-Enhanced Imaging

184

(2)

IV. Implementation

186

(4)

V. Healthy Volunteer Studies and Experimental Optimizations

190

(2)

VI. Potential Clinical Applications

192

(13)

VII. Oxygen-Enhanced Imaging at 3.0 T

205

(1)

Acknowlegdment

206

(1)

References

206

(5)

10. MR Angiography and Direct Thrombus Imaging for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

211

(14)

Edwin J.R. Van Beek and Matthijs Oudkerk

I. Introduction

211

(1)

II. Magnetic Resonance Angiography

212

(5)

III. Direct Thrombus Imaging

217

(3)

IV. Conclusions

220

(1)

References

220

(5)

11. Gadolinium-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging

225

(16)

Yoshiharu Ohno and Hiroto Hatabu

I. Introduction

225

(2)

II. First-Pass Contrast Agent Technique-Basics

227

(1)

III. Basics of Quantitative Assessment of Pulmonary Perfusion Imaging

227

(2)

IV. Animal Studies of Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging

229

(1)

V. In Vivo Study of Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging

230

(4)

VI. Limitations of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging

234

(1)

VII. Conclusions

235

(1)

References

236

(5)

12. Proton Perfusion Imaging

241

(26)

Tae Iwasawa

I. Introduction

242

(1)

II. Blood Flow and MR Signal

242

(5)

III. Perfusion Imaging with HASTE

247

(6)

IV. Signal Change in HASTE with Cardiac Gating

253

(5)

V. Clinical Applications

258

(4)

VI. Conclusion

262

(1)

Acknowledgments

262

(1)

References

262

(5)

13. Intravascular Imaging Using Hyperpolarized Nuclei

267

(20)

Yannick Crémillieux

I. Introduction

267

(1)

II. Intravascular Xenon-129 Imaging

268

(6)

III. Intravascular Helium-3 Imaging

274

(5)

IV. Intravascular Carbon-13 Imaging

279

(1)

V. Applications of Intravascular Polarized Imaging Agents

280

(4)

References

284

(3)

14. Combined MR Ventilation/Perfusion Imaging

287

(16)

Yves Berthezène and Yannick Crémillieux

I. Introduction

287

(2)

II. Proton MR Imaging

289

(4)

III. Hyperpolarized Gas Imaging

293

(2)

IV. Proton Perfusion MR Imaging (Spin Labeling or Gd Injection) and ³He Ventilation Imaging

295

(1)

V. Indirect Measure of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio by the Assessment of Alveolar Oxygen

296

(4)

References

300

(3)

15. Assessment of Human Lung Microstructure with Hyperpolarized 3He Diffusion MRI

303

(22)

Michael Salerno and John P. Mugler

I. Introduction

303

(1)

II. Background

304

(9)

III. ADC Measurements in Human Subjects

313

(8)

IV. Conclusion

321

(1)

References

322

(3)

16. Regional Oxygen Balance

325

(32)

Balthasar Eberle and Wolfgang G. Schreiber

I. Introduction

325

(2)

II. Basic Physiology of Regional Oxygen Balance

327

(2)

III. Methods Based on Hyperpolarized Helium-3

329

(7)

IV. Methods Based on Fluorine-19

336

(7)

V. Comparison of Methods

343

(6)

VI. Summary

349

(1)

Acknowledgments

349

(1)

References

350

(7)

PART IV: NUCLEAR MEDICINE

17. PET Imaging of Infection and Inflammatory Lung Disease

357

(16)

Hongming Zhuang, Justin W. Kung, and Abass Alavi

I. Imaging in Infectious and Inflammatory Lung Disease

358

(1)

II. Background of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Imaging

358

(1)

III. FDG-PET Imaging in Infection and Inflammation

358

(1)

IV. PET Advantages over Traditional Nuclear Medicine Techniques in the Evaluation of Lung Infection and Inflammation

359

(1)

V. Potential Clinical Applications

360

(6)

VI. Monitoring Disease Processes and Response to Therapy

366

(1)

VII. Differentiating Between Malignant and Inflammatory Processes

366

(1)

VIII. Conclusions

367

(1)

References

368

(5)

18. Metabolic Imaging for Assessing Solitary Pulmonary Nodules

373

(16)

Hongming Zhuang, Naresh Gupta, and Abass Alavi

I. Investigation of Pulmonary Nodules

373

(1)

II. What is the Current Diagnostic Approach in Lung Nodules?

374

(1)

III. Role of FDG-PET in SPN

375

(3)

IV. Dual-Time Point Imaging for Differentiating Benign from Malignant Nodules

378

(2)

V. Effects of Partial Volume Correction on Accurate Measurement of SUV

380

(2)

VI. Anatomo-Functional Imaging: PET/CT Combined Scanners

382

(1)

VII. Other Tracers

382

(1)

VIII. Role of Somatostatin Scintigraphy in SPN

382

(2)

IX. Conclusions

384

(1)

References

384

(5)

PART V: CLINICAL IMAGING

19. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

389

(24)

Hans-Ulrich Kauczor and Tobias Achenbach

I. Definition

390

(2)

II. Radiologic Findings

392

(5)

III. CT Scan Protocols

397

(2)

IV. Pulmonary or Extrapulmonary ARDS

399

(1)

V. Basic Concepts of Therapy and Potential Complications

400

(2)

VI. Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury

402

(1)

VII. Long-Term CT Findings

402

(1)

VIII. Deeper Insights in ARDS and Mechanical Ventilation by Functional CT

403

(4)

IX. Alternative to Radiological Imaging: Electrical Impedance Tomography

407

(1)

X. Conclusion

408

(1)

References

409

(4)

20. Asthma: Assessment of Lung Ventilation with Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR Imaging

413

(18)

Eduard E. de Lange and Talissa A. Altes

I. Introduction

413

(1)

II. Diagnosis of Asthma

414

(1)

III. Treatment of Asthma

415

(2)

IV. Radiologic Examination in Asthma

417

(1)

V. Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MR Imaging

417

(2)

VI. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR of Untreated Asthma

419

(1)

VII. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR Following Provocation of Asthma

420

(4)

VIII. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR Following Treatment of Asthma

424

(1)

IX. Summary

425

(1)

Acknowledgments

426

(1)

References

426

(5)

21. The Role of Computed Tomography in Emphysema and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

431

(22)

Kevin R. Flaherty and Fernando J. Martinez

I. Introduction

431

(1)

II. Detection of Emphysema by Chest Radiograph

432

(1)

III. Quantification of Emphysema from Pathologic Specimens

432

(1)

IV. CT Methodology for Detecting Emphysema

433

(1)

V. Relationship Between CT Detected Emphysema and Pathologically Defined Emphysema

434

(2)

VI. Relationship Between CT Detected Emphysema and Pulmonary Function

436

(1)

VII. Role of CT in LVRS

436

(1)

VIII. Prediction of Outcome

437

(8)

IX. CT Volumes as an Outcome or Correlate with Outcomes

445

(1)

X. Conclusion

446

(1)

References

446

(7)

22. Emphysema/Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

453

(26)

Trine Stavngaard, Jahn Mortensen, and Asger Dirksen

I. Introduction

454

(1)

II. Plain Radiography Findings

454

(1)

III. Computed Tomography Findings

455

(7)

IV. Scintigraphy Findings

462

(5)

V. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings

467

(1)

VI. Conclusion

468

(1)

References

468

(11)

23. Pulmonary Embolism

479

(20)

Maaike SOhne, Marije ten Wolde, Harry R. Büller, and Edwin J.R. van Beek

I. Introduction

480

(1)

II. Etiology

480

(2)

III. Prognosis

482

(2)

IV. Therapy

484

(1)

V. Diagnostic Strategies

485

(7)

References

492

(7)

24. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

499

(14)

Lewis J. Rubin and John Dunning

I. Introduction

499

(1)

II. Etiology

500

(1)

III. Prognosis and Natural History

501

(1)

IV. Patient Assessment and Selection

502

(1)

V. Signs

502

(1)

VI. Laboratory Studies

503

(1)

VII. Echocardiography

504

(4)

VIII. Operation: Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy

508

(2)

IX. Conclusions

510

(1)

References

510

(3)

25. Sleep Apnea

513

(46)

Richard J. Schwab, Raanan Arens, and Allan Pack

I. Introduction

514

(1)

II. Normal Upper Airway Anatomy

515

(1)

III. Upper Airway Imaging Modalities

516

(9)

IV. Upper Airway Imaging Studies Examining the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep

525

(11)

V. Insights into the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep with Upper Airway Imaging

536

(5)

VI. Imaging of the Upper Airway in Children

541

(5)

VII. Clinical Utility of Upper Airway Imaging

546

(1)

VIII. Conclusions

547

(1)

Acknowledgments

547

(1)

References

547

(12)

26. Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

559

(22)

Yasuyuki Kurihara

I. Introduction

559

(1)

II. Definition of SPN

560

(1)

III. Differential Diagnosis of the SPN

561

(1)

IV. Morphologic Evaluation of SPNs

562

(14)

V. Flow and Perfusion of SPNs

576

(1)

References

576

(5)

27. Cystic Fibrosis: Radiologic Considerations

581

(12)

David A. Lipson and Edwin J.R. van Beek

I. Introduction

581

(1)

II. CF Genetics

582

(1)

III. CF Pathophysiology

582

(1)

IV. Predicting Natural History in CF

583

(1)

V. Radiography

584

(5)

VI. Conclusions

589

(1)

References

590

(3)

28. Lung Transplantation: Radiographic Considerations

593

(28)

Robert M. Kotloff and David A. Lipson

I Introduction

594

(1)

II. Screening of Transplant Candidates

594

(3)

III. Complications in the Transplant Recipient

597

(18)

Acknowledgement

615

(1)

References

615

(6)

Index

621

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Functional Lung Imaging

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