Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics

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ISBN: 9780130115546 | 0130115541
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/2000

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1999 Edition differs from its predecessor in the following ways: end-of-chapter problems increased from 238 to 373 CD-ROM in each book containing: All figures from text Smith chart file. Sample solutions for 45 of the end-of-chapter problems are identified in text.

PREFACE

xiii

1 INTRODUCTION: WAVES AND PHASORS

(30)

1-1 Dimensions, Units, and Notation

(1)

1-2 The Nature of Electromagnetism

(7)

1-2.1 The Gravitational Force: A Useful Analogue

(1)

1-2.2 Electric Fields

(2)

1-2.3 Magnetic Fields

(2)

1-2.4 Static and Dynamic Fields

(1)

1-3 Traveling Waves

(7)

1-3.1 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossless Medium

(3)

1-3.2 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossy Medium

(2)

1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

(3)

1-5 Review of Complex Numbers

(2)

1-6 Review of Phasors

(5)

Problems

(4)

2 TRANSMISSION LINES

(67)

2-1 General Considerations

(4)

2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength

(1)

2-1.2 Propagation Modes

(2)

2-2 Lumped-Element Model

(4)

2-3 Transmission-Line Equations

(1)

2-4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line

(3)

2-5 The Lossless Transmission Line

(8)

2-5.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient

(3)

2-5.2 Standing Waves

(4)

2-6 Input Impedance of the Lossless Line

(3)

2-7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line

(6)

2-7.1 Short-Circuited Line

(2)

2-7.2 Open-Circuited Line

(1)

2-7.3 Application of Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Measurements

(2)

2-7.4 Lines of Length l = nlambda/2

(1)

2-7.5 Quarter-Wave Transformer

(1)

2-7.6 Matched Transmission Line: Z(8)L = Z(0)

(2)

2-8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line

(2)

2-8.1 Instantaneous Power

(1)

2-8.2 Time-Average Power

(1)

2-9 The Smith Chart

(14)

2-9.1 Parametric Equations

(5)

2-9.2 Input Impedance

(2)

2-9.3 SWR, Voltage Maxima and Minima

(1)

2-9.4 Impedance to Admittance Transformations

(6)

2-10 Impedance Matching

(4)

2-11 Transients on Transmission Lines

(8)

2-11.1 Transient Response

(4)

2-11.2 Bounce Diagrams

(4)

Problems

(8)

3 VECTOR ANALYSIS

100

(38)

3-1 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

101

(7)

3-1.1 Equality of Two Vectors

102

(1)

3-1.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction

103

(1)

3-1.3 Position and Distance Vectors

103

(1)

3-1.4 Vector Multiplication

104

(3)

3-1.5 Scalar and Vector Triple Products

107

(1)

3-2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

108

(7)

3-2.1 Cartesian Coordinates

109

(1)

3-2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates

109

(4)

3-2.3 Spherical Coordinates

113

(2)

3-3 Transformations between Coordinate Systems

115

(5)

3-3.1 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformations

115

(2)

3-3.2 Cartesian to Spherical Transformations

117

(2)

3-3.3 Cylindrical to Spherical Transformations

119

(1)

3-3.4 Distance between Two Points

119

(1)

3-4 Gradient of a Scalar Field

120

(3)

3-4.1 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

121

(1)

3-4.2 Properties of the Gradient Operator

122

(1)

3-5 Divergence of a Vector Field

123

(4)

3-5.1 Divergence Theorem

125

(1)

3-5.2 Remarks on Notation

125

(2)

3-6 Curl of a Vector Field

127

(3)

3-6.1 Vector Identities Involving the Curl

128

(1)

3-6.2 Stokes's Theorem

129

(1)

3-7 Laplacian Operator

130

(2)

Problems

132

(6)

4 ELECTROSTATICS

138

(48)

4-1 Maxwell's Equations

139

(1)

4-2 Charge and Current Distributions

140

(3)

4-2.1 Charge Densities

140

(2)

4-2.2 Current Density

142

(1)

4-3 Coulomb's Law

143

(5)

4-3.1 Electric Field due to Multiple Point Charges

144

(1)

4-3.2 Electric Field due to a Charge Distribution

145

(3)

4-4 Gauss's Law

148

(3)

4-5 Electric Scalar Potential

151

(5)

4-5.1 Electric Potential as a Function of Electric Field

151

(2)

4-5.2 Electric Potential due to Point Charges

153

(1)

4-5.3 Electric Potential due to Continuous Distributions

153

4-5.4 Electric Field as a Function of Electric Potential

147

4-5.5 Poisson's Equation

155

(1)

4-6 Electrical Properties of Materials

156

(1)

4-7 Conductors

157

(4)

4-7.1 Resistance

158

(2)

4-7.2 Joule's Law

160

(1)

4-8 Dielectrics

161

(2)

4-9 Electric Boundary Conditions

163

(5)

4-9.1 Dielectric--Conductor Boundary

166

(1)

4-9.2 Conductor--Conductor Boundary

167

(1)

4-10 Capacitance

168

(4)

4-11 Electrostatic Potential Energy

172

(1)

4-12 Image Method

173

(3)

Problems

176

(10)

5 MAGNETOSTATICS

186

(43)

5-1 Magnetic Forces and Torques

187

(8)

5-1.1 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

189

(3)

5-1.2 Magnetic Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop

192

(3)

5-2 The Biot--Savart Law

195

(5)

5-2.1 Magnetic Field due to Surface and Volume Current Distributions

196

(3)

5-2.2 Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole

199

(1)

5-3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors

200

(1)

5-4 Maxwell's Magnetostatic Equations

201

(5)

5-4.1 Gauss's Law for Magnetism

201

(1)

5-4.2 Amphere's Law

202

(4)

5-5 Vector Magnetic Potential

206

(2)

5-6 Magnetic Properties of Materials

208

(5)

5-6.1 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments

208

(1)

5-6.2 Magnetic Permeability

209

(1)

5-6.3 Magnetic Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic Materials

210

(3)

5-7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions

213

(1)

5-8 Inductance

214

(5)

5-8.1 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid

215

(1)

5-8.2 Self-inductance

216

(2)

5-8.3 Mutual Inductance

218

(1)

5-9 Magnetic Energy

219

(2)

Problems

221

(8)

6 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FOR TIME-VARYING FIELDS

229

(31)

6-1 Faraday's Law

231

(2)

6-2 Stationary Loop in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

233

(4)

6-3 The Ideal Transformer

237

(1)

6-4 Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field

238

(3)

6-5 The Electromagnetic Generator

241

(2)

6-6 Moving Conductor in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

243

(1)

6-7 Displacement Current

244

(2)

6-8 Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetics

246

(1)

6-9 Charge-Current Continuity Relation

247

(2)

6-10 Free-Charge Dissipation in a Conductor

249

(1)

6-11 Electromagnetic Potentials

250

(5)

6-11.1 Retarded Potentials

250

(1)

6-11.2 Time-Harmonic Potentials

251

(4)

Problems

255

(5)

7 PLANE-WAVE PROPAGATION

260

(32)

7-1 Time-Harmonic Fields

262

(2)

7-1.1 Complex Permittivity

263

(1)

7-1.2 Wave Equations for a Charge-Free Medium

263

(1)

7-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media

264

(5)

7-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves

264

(4)

7-2.2 General Relation between E and H

268

(1)

7-3 Wave Polarization

269

(7)

7-3.1 Linear Polarization

270

(1)

7-3.2 Circular Polarization

271

(2)

7-3.3 Elliptical Polarization

273

(3)

7-4 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossy Media

276

(4)

7-4.1 Low-Loss Dielectric

278

(1)

7-4.2 Good Conductor

278

(2)

7-5 Current Flow in a Good Conductor

280

(3)

7-6 Electromagnetic Power Density

283

(5)

7-6.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium

284

(1)

7-6.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium

285

(1)

7-6.3 Decibel Scale for Power Ratios

286

(2)

Problems

288

(4)

8 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION, AND GEOMETRIC OPTICS

292

(48)

8-1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence

294

(9)

8-1.1 Boundary between Lossless Media

294

(3)

8-1.2 Transmission-Line Analogue

297

(1)

8-1.3 Power Flow in Lossless Media

298

(3)

8-1.4 Boundary between Lossy Media

301

(2)

8-2 Snell's Laws

303

(3)

8-3 Fiber Optics

306

(2)

8-4 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence

308

(8)

8-4.1 Perpendicular Polarization

309

(4)

8-4.2 Parallel Polarization

313

(2)

8-4.3 Brewster Angle

315

(1)

8-5 Reflectivity and Transmissivity

316

(3)

8-6 Geometric Optics

319

(1)

8-7 Images Formed by Mirrors

320

(4)

8-7.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors

321

(1)

8-7.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors

322

(2)

8-8 Images Formed by Spherical Lenses

324

(8)

Problems

332

(8)

9 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS

340

(50)

9-1 The Short Dipole

343

(5)

9-1.1 Far-Field Approximation

345

(1)

9-2.2 Power Density

346

(2)

9-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics

348

(7)

9-2.1 Antenna Pattern

349

(2)

9-2.2 Beam Dimensions

351

(1)

9-2.3 Antenna Directivity

351

(3)

9-2.4 Antenna Gain

354

(1)

9-2.5 Radiation Resistance

354

(1)

9-3 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna

355

(4)

9-3.1 Directivity of Lambda/2 Dipole

357

(1)

9-3.2 Radiation Resistance of Lambda/2 Dipole

357

(1)

9-3.3 Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna

358

(1)

9-4 Dipole of Arbitrary Length

359

(1)

9-5 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna

360

(3)

9-6 Friis Transmission Formula

363

(2)

9-7 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas

365

(3)

9-8 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Aperture Distribution

368

(3)

9-8.1 Beamwidth

369

(1)

9-8.2 Directivity and Effective Area

370

(1)

9-9 Antenna Arrays

371

(7)

9-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution

378

(2)

9-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays

380

(6)

9-11.1 Uniform-Amplitude Excitation

382

(1)

9-11.2 Array Feeding

382

(4)

Problems

386

(4)

10 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SENSORS

390

(21)

10-1 Satellite Communication Systems

391

(2)

10-2 Satellite Transponders

393

(3)

10-3 Communication-Link Power Budget

396

(2)

10-4 Antenna Beams

398

(1)

10-5 Radar Sensors

399

(3)

10-5.1 Basic Operation of a Radar System

399

(1)

10-5.2 Unambiguous Range

400

(1)

10-5.3 Range and Angular Resolutions

401

(1)

10-6 Target Detection

402

(2)

10-7 Doppler Radar

404

(2)

10-8 Monopulse Radar

406

(4)

Problems

410

(1)

APPENDIX A SYMBOLS, QUANTITIES, AND UNITS

411

(2)

APPENDIX B MATERIAL CONSTANTS OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS

413

(2)

APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

415

(2)

APPENDIX D ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

417

(6)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

423

(2)

INDEX

425

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Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials