Fundamentals of Biostatistics (with Data Disk)

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ISBN: 9780534370688 | 0534370683
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/17/1999

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FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOSTATISTICS (WITH CD-ROM) leads you through the methods, techniques, and computations necessary for success in the medical field. Every new concept is developed systematically through completely worked out examples from current medical research problems.

General Overview

(6)

Reference

(2)

Descriptive Statistics

(38)

Introduction

(2)

Measures of Location

(7)

Some Properties of the Arithmetic Mean

(2)

Measures of Spread

(4)

Some Properties of the Variance and Standard Deviation

(2)

The Coefficient of Variation

(1)

Grouped Data

(3)

Graphic Methods

(7)

Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children

(1)

Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women

(1)

Summary

(8)

Problems

(5)

References

(1)

Probability

(34)

Introduction

(1)

Definition of Probability

(1)

Some Useful Probabilistic Notation

(2)

The Multiplication Law of Probability

(3)

The Addition Law of Probability

(2)

Conditional Probability

(4)

Bayes' Rule and Screening Tests

(7)

Prevalence and Incidence

(1)

Summary

(13)

Problems

(10)

References

(3)

Discrete Probability Distributions

(38)

Introduction

(1)

Random Variables

(1)

The Probability Mass Function for a Discrete Random Variable

(2)

The Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable

(2)

The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

(1)

The Cumulative-Distribution Function of a Discrete Random Variable

(1)

Permutations and Combinations

(4)

The Binomial Distribution

(6)

Expected Value and Variance of the Binomial Distribution

(1)

The Poisson Distribution

(4)

Computation of Poisson Probabilities

102

(1)

Expected Value and Variance of the Poisson Distribution

103

(2)

Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

105

(3)

Summary

108

(9)

Problems

108

(7)

References

115

(2)

Continuous Probability Distributions

117

(40)

Introduction

117

(1)

General Concepts

117

(3)

The Normal Distribution

120

(4)

Properties of the Standard Normal Distribution

124

(6)

Conversion from an N(μ, σ2) Distribution to an N(0, 1) Distribution

130

(3)

Linear Combinations of Random Variables

133

(5)

Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

138

(7)

Normal Approximation to the Poisson Distribution

145

(1)

Summary

146

(11)

Problems

147

(9)

References

156

(1)

Estimation

157

(54)

Introduction

157

(1)

The Relationship Between Population and Sample

158

(2)

Random-Number Tables

160

(4)

Randomized Clinical Trials

164

(4)

Estimation of the Mean of a Distribution

168

(16)

Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women

184

(1)

Estimation of the Variance of a Distribution

185

(6)

Estimation for the Binomial Distribution

191

(5)

Estimation for the Poisson Distribution

196

(3)

One-Sided Confidence Intervals

199

(3)

Summary

202

(9)

Problems

202

(7)

References

209

(2)

Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Inference

211

(62)

Introduction

211

(1)

General Concepts

212

(3)

One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: One-Sided Alternatives

215

(8)

One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Two-Sided Alternatives

223

(6)

The Power of a Test

229

(7)

Sample-Size Determination

236

(7)

The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals

243

(2)

One-Sample χ2 Test for the Variance of a Normal Distribution

245

(4)

One-Sample Test for a Binomial Proportion

249

(6)

One-Sample Inference for the Poisson Distribution

255

(5)

Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women

260

(1)

Summary

261

(12)

Problems

263

(7)

References

270

(3)

Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference

273

(58)

Introduction

273

(2)

The Paired t Test

275

(4)

Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Paired Samples

279

(1)

Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Equal Variances

280

(4)

Interval Estimation for the Comparison of Means from Two Independent Samples (Equal Variance Case)

284

(2)

Testing for the Equality of Two Variances

286

(7)

Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples with Unequal Variances

293

(6)

Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children

299

(1)

The Treatment of Outliers

300

(7)

Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Means

307

(2)

Sample-Size Estimation for Longitudinal Studies

309

(3)

Summary

312

(19)

Problems

314

(14)

References

328

(3)

Nonparametric Methods

331

(24)

Introduction

331

(2)

The Sign Test

333

(5)

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

338

(5)

The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

343

(4)

Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Pyschological Function in Children

347

(2)

Summary

349

(6)

Problems

349

(4)

References

353

(2)

Hypothesis Testing: Categorical Data

355

(70)

Introduction

355

(1)

Two-Sample Test for Binomial Proportions

356

(15)

Fisher's Exact Test

371

(5)

Two-Sample Test for Binomial Proportions for Matched-Pair Data (McNemar's Test)

376

(8)

Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Binomial Proportions

384

(9)

R x C Contingency Tables

393

(10)

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

403

(4)

The Kappa Statistics

407

(4)

Summary

411

(14)

Problems

411

(12)

References

423

(2)

Regression and Correlation Methods

425

(86)

Introduction

425

(1)

General Concepts

426

(3)

Fitting Regression Lines---The Method of Least Squares

429

(4)

Inferences about Parameters from Regression Lines

433

(10)

Interval Estimation for Linear Regression

443

(4)

Assessing the Goodness of Fit of Regression Lines

447

(4)

The Correlation Coefficient

451

(4)

Statistical Infernece for Correlation Coefficients

455

(11)

Multiple Regression

466

(21)

Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children

487

(8)

Partial and Multiple Correlation

495

(1)

Rank Correlation

496

(5)

Summary

501

(10)

Problems

503

(5)

References

508

(3)

Multisample Inference

511

(66)

Introduction to the One-Way Analysis of Variance

511

(1)

One-Way Analysis of Variance---Fixed-Effects Model

512

(1)

Hypothesis Testing in One-Way ANOVA---Fixed-Effects Model

513

(5)

Comparisons of Specific Groups in One-Way ANOVA

518

(14)

Case Study: Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurological and Psychological Function in Children

532

(10)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

542

(7)

The Kruskal-Wallis Test

549

(6)

One-Way ANOVA---The Random-Effects Model

555

(7)

The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

562

(4)

Summary

566

(11)

Problems

567

(7)

References

574

(3)

Design and Analysis Techniques for Epidemiologic Studies

577

(100)

Introduction

577

(1)

Study Design

577

(3)

Measures of Effect for Categorical Data

580

(11)

Confounding and Standardization

591

(5)

Methods of Inference for Stratified Categorical Data---The Mantel-Haenszel Test

596

(13)

Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Stratified Categorical Data

609

(3)

Multiple Logistic Regression

612

(20)

Meta-Analysis

632

(6)

Equivalance Studies

638

(3)

The Cross-Over Design

641

(8)

Clustered Binary Data

649

(8)

Measurement-Error Methods

657

(9)

Summary

666

(11)

Problems

668

(7)

References

675

(2)

Hypothesis Testing: Person-Time Data

677

(66)

Measure of Effect for Person-Time Data

677

(2)

One-Sample Inference for Incidence-Rate Data

679

(3)

Two-Sample Inference for Incidence-Rate Data

682

(8)

Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Person-Time Data

690

(5)

Inference for Stratified Person-Time Data

695

(7)

Power and Sample-Size Estimation for Stratified Person-Time Data

702

(5)

Testing for Trend: Incidence-Rate Data

707

(3)

Introduction to Survival Analysis

710

(3)

Estimation of Survival Curves: The Kaplan-Meier Estimator

713

(6)

The Log-Rank Test

719

(7)

The Proportional-Hazards Model

726

(7)

Power and Sample-Size Estimation under the Proportional-Hazards Model

733

(4)

Summary

737

(6)

Problems

737

(4)

References

741

(2)

APPENDIX: Tables

743

(28)

Exact Binomial Probabilities

743

(5)

Exact Poisson Probabilities

748

(3)

The Normal Distribution

751

(5)

Table of 1000 Random Digits

756

(1)

Percentage Points of the t Distribution (td,u)

757

(1)

Percentage Points of the Chi-Square Distribution

758

(1)

Exact Two-Sided 100% x (1 - α) Confidence Limits for Binomial Proportions (α = .05)

759

(1)

Exact Two-Sided 100% x (1 - α) Confidence Limits for Binomial Proportions (α = .01)

760

(1)

Confidence Limits for the Expectation of a Poisson Variable (μ)

761

(1)

Percentage Points of the F Distribution (Fd1,d2,p)

762

(2)

Critical Values of the ESD (Extreme Studentized Deviate) Outlier Statistic (ESDn,1-α α = .05, .01)

764

(1)

Tow-Tailed Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

765

(1)

Two-Tailed Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

766

(2)

Fisher's z transformation

768

(1)

Two-Tailed Upper Critical Values for the Spearman Rank-Correlation Coefficient (rs)

769

(1)

Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test Statistic (H) for selected sample sizes for k = 3

770

(1)

Answers to Selected Problems

771

(4)

Flowchart: Methods of Statistical Inference

775

(6)

Index of Data Sets

781

(2)

Index

783

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Fundamentals of Biostatistics (with Data Disk)

Summary

Table of Contents

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