Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling

This is a thoroughly revised and updated edition of an authoritative introduction to ecological modelling. Sven Erik Jorgensen, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Ecological Modelling, and Giuseppe Bendoricchio, Professor of Environmental Modelling at the University of Padova, Italy, offer compelling insights into the subject. This volume explains the concepts and processes involved in ecological modelling, presents the latest developments in the field and provides readers with the tools to construct their own models.

The Third Edition features:

• A detailed discussion and step-by-step outline of the modelling procedure.

• An account of different model types including overview tables, examples and illustrations.

• A comprehensive presentation of the submodels and unit processes used in modelling.

• In-depth descriptions of the latest modelling techniques.

• Structured exercises at the end of each chapter.

• Three mathematical appendices and a subject index.

This practical and proven book very effectively combines the theory, methodology and applications of ecological modelling. The new edition is an essential, up-to-date guide to a rapidly growing field.

Preface, Third Edition

ix

Acknowledgements

xii

Introduction

1

(18)

Physical and Mathematical Models

1

(2)

Models as a Management Tool

3

(1)

Models as a Scientific Tool

4

(3)

Models and Holism

7

(2)

The Ecosystem as an Object for Research

9

(2)

Outline of the Book

11

(3)

The Development of Ecological and Environmental Models

14

(2)

State of the Art in the Application of Models

16

(3)

Concepts of Modelling

19

(74)

Introduction

19

(1)

Modelling Elements

19

(4)

The Modelling Procedure

23

(8)

Types of Model

31

(4)

Selection of Model Type

35

(4)

Selection of Model Complexity and Structure

39

(13)

Verification

52

(7)

Sensitivity Analysis

59

(3)

Parameter Estimation

62

(16)

Validation

78

(2)

Ecological Modelling and Quantum Theory

80

(3)

Modelling Constraints

83

(10)

Problems

91

(2)

Ecological Processes

93

(118)

Space and Time Resolution

94

(3)

Mass Transport

97

(14)

Mass Balance

111

(5)

Energetic Factors

116

(7)

Settling and Resuspension

123

(6)

Chemical Reactions

129

(7)

Chemical Equilibrium

136

(4)

Hydrolysis

140

(1)

Redox

141

(4)

Acid-Base

145

(3)

Adsorption and Ion Exchange

148

(8)

Volatilization

156

(3)

Biogeochemical Cycles in Aquatic Environments

159

(24)

Photosynthesis

183

(3)

Algal Growth

186

(6)

Zooplankton Growth

192

(3)

Fish Growth

195

(4)

Single Population Growth

199

(2)

Ecotoxicological Processes

201

(10)

Problems

208

(3)

Conceptual Models

211

(14)

Introduction

211

(1)

Application of Conceptual Diagrams

211

(3)

Types of Conceptual Diagrams

214

(7)

The Conceptual Diagram as Modelling Tool

221

(4)

Problems

223

(2)

Static Models

225

(32)

Introduction

225

(1)

Network Models

226

(4)

Network Analysis

230

(6)

ECOPATH Software

236

(12)

Response Models

248

(9)

Modelling Population Dynamics

257

(20)

Introduction

257

(1)

Basic Concepts

257

(1)

Growth Models in Population Dynamics

258

(4)

Interaction between Populations

262

(11)

Matrix Models

273

(4)

Problems

276

(1)

Dynamic Biogeochemical Models

277

(36)

Introduction

277

(1)

Application of Dynamic Models

278

(2)

Eutrophication Models I: Overview and Two Simple Eutrophication Models

280

(9)

Eutrophication Models II: A Complex Eutrophication Model

289

(14)

A Wetland Model

303

(10)

Problems

311

(2)

Ecotoxicological Models

313

(68)

Classification and Application of Ecotoxicological Models

313

(3)

Environmental Risk Assessment

316

(10)

Characteristics and Structure of Ecotoxicological Models

326

(10)

An Overview: The Application of Models in Ecotoxicology

336

(3)

Estimation of Ecotoxicological Parameters

339

(9)

Ecotoxicological Case Study I: Modelling the Distribution of Chromium in a Danish Fjord

348

(7)

Ecotoxicological Case Study II: Contamination of Agricultural Products by Cadmium and Lead

355

(6)

Ecotoxicological Case Study III: A Mercury Model for Mex Bay, Alexandria

361

(9)

Fugacity Fate Models

370

(11)

Problems

376

(5)

Recent Developments in Ecological and Environmental Modelling

381

(62)

Introduction

381

(1)

Ecosystem Characteristics

382

(8)

Structurally Dynamic Models

390

(10)

Four Illustrative Structurally Dynamic Case Studies

400

(12)

Application of Chaos Theory in Modelling

412

(8)

Application of Catastrophe Theory in Ecological Modelling

420

(9)

New Approaches in Modelling Techniques

429

(14)

Problems

441

(2)

Appendix 1. Mathematical Tools

443

(52)

A.1 Vectors

444

(3)

A.2 Matrices

447

(8)

A.3 Square Matrices. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

455

(9)

A.4 Differential Equations

464

(10)

A.5 Systems of Differential Equations

474

(10)

A.6 Numerical Methods

484

(11)

Appendix 2. Definition of Expressions, Concepts and Indices

495

(4)

Appendix 3. Parameters for Fugacity Models

499

(2)

References

501

(22)

Subject Index

523

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Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling

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