Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

New edition of the popular textbook, comprehensively updated throughout and now includes a new dedicated website for gas dynamic calculations

The thoroughly revised and updated third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics maintains the focus on gas flows below hypersonic. This targeted approach provides a cohesive and rigorous examination of most practical engineering problems in this gas dynamics flow regime. The conventional one-dimensional flow approach together with the role of temperature-entropy diagrams are highlighted throughout.

The authors—noted experts in the field—include a modern computational aid, illustrative charts and tables, and myriad examples of varying degrees of difficulty to aid in the understanding of the material presented. The updated edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics includes new sections on the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, and the gas dynamic laser. The book contains all equations, tables, and charts necessary to work the problems and exercises in each chapter. This book’s accessible but rigorous style:

• Offers a comprehensively updated edition that includes new problems and examples
• Covers fundamentals of gas flows targeting those below hypersonic
• Presents the one-dimensional flow approach and highlights the role of temperature-entropy diagrams
• Contains new sections that examine the shock tube, the aerospike nozzle, the gas dynamic laser, and an expanded coverage of rocket propulsion
• Explores applications of gas dynamics to aircraft and rocket engines
• Includes behavioral objectives, summaries, and check tests to aid with learning

Written for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering and professionals and researchers in the field, the third edition of Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics has been updated to include recent developments in the field and retains all its learning aids.

The calculator for gas dynamics calculations is available at www.oscarbiblarz.com/gascalculator

DR. ROBERT D. ZUCKER (deceased) was a Professor of Aeronautics at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA. He was an active member of the American Society for Engineering Education and also a member of the AIAA.

DR. OSCAR BIBLARZ is a Professor Emeritus at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA. He has extensive teaching and research experience and his main research areas have been in aerospace propulsion, fluid mechanics and gas lasers. He is a member of the AIAA.

Preface to Third Edition xi

Preface to Second Edition xiii

To the Student xv

About the Companion Website xix

1 Definitions and Fundamental Principles 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Units and Notation 2

1.3 Why we use Nondimensional Quantities 8

1.4 Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Mass Analysis 12

Review Questions 21

Review Problems 24

2 Control Volume Analysis—Part I 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Objectives 28

2.3 Flow Dimensionality and Average Velocity 28

2.4 Transformation of a Material Derivative to a Control Volume Approach 31

2.5 Conservation of Mass 37

2.6 Conservation of Energy 39

2.7 Summary 48

Problems 50

Check Test 53

3 Control Volume Analysis—Part II 55

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Objectives 55

3.3 Comments on Entropy 56

3.4 Pressure-Energy Equation 58

3.5 The Stagnation Concept 60

3.6 Stagnation Pressure-Energy Equation 64

3.7 Consequences of Constant Density 66

3.8 Momentum Equation 71

3.9 Summary 80

Problems 82

Check Test 88

4 Introduction to Compressible Flow 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Objectives 92

4.3 Sonic Speed and Mach Number 92

4.4 Wave Propagation 98

4.5 Equations for Perfect Gases in Terms of Mach Number 100

4.6 h–s and T–s Diagrams 107

4.7 Summary 108

Problems 109

Check Test 112

5 Varying-Area Adiabatic Flow 115

5.1 Introduction 115

5.2 Objectives 116

5.3 General Fluid with No Losses 117

5.4 Perfect Gases with Losses 123

5.5 The ^∗ Reference Concept 127

5.6 Isentropic Table 129

5.7 Nozzle Operation 136

5.8 Nozzle Performance 144

5.9 Diffuser Performance 146

5.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 148

5.11 Beyond the Tables 148

5.12 Summary 152

Problems 153

Check Test 157

6 Standing Normal Shocks 159

6.1 Introduction 159

6.2 Objectives 160

6.3 Shock Analysis: General Fluid 160

6.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 163

6.5 Normal-Shock Table 167

6.6 Shocks in Nozzles 172

6.7 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation 178

6.8 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 180

6.9 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 182

6.10 Summary 183

Problems 184

Check Test 188

7 Moving and Oblique Shocks 191

7.1 Introduction 191

7.2 Objectives 192

7.3 Normal Velocity Superposition: Moving Normal Shocks 192

7.4 Tangential Velocity Superposition: Oblique Shocks 196

7.5 Oblique-Shock Analysis: Perfect Gas 202

7.6 Oblique-Shock Table and Charts 204

7.7 Boundary Condition of Flow Direction 206

7.8 Boundary Condition of Pressure Equilibrium 210

7.9 Conical Shocks 213

7.10 The Shock Tube 216

7.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 219

7.12 Summary 221

Problems 222

Check Test 227

8 Prandtl–Meyer Flow 229

8.1 Introduction 229

8.2 Objectives 229

8.3 Argument for Isentropic Turning Flow 230

8.4 Analysis of Prandtl–Meyer Flow 237

8.5 Prandtl–Meyer Function 241

8.6 Overexpanded and Underexpanded Nozzles 244

8.7 Supersonic Airfoils 249

8.8 Aerospike Nozzle 254

8.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 256

8.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 257

8.11 Summary 258

Problems 259

Check Test 264

9 Fanno Flow 267

9.1 Introduction 267

9.2 Objectives 267

9.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 268

9.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 275

9.5 Reference State and Fanno Table 280

9.6 Applications 285

9.7 Correlation with Shocks 290

9.8 Friction Choking 292

9.9 (Optional) How the Left-Hand-Side of Equation (9.40) Arose 296

9.10 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 296

9.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 297

9.12 Summary 298

Problems 300

Check Test 305

10 Rayleigh Flow 307

10.1 Introduction 307

10.2 Objectives 308

10.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 309

10.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 319

10.5 Reference State and the Rayleigh Table 323

10.6 Applications 326

10.7 Correlation with Shocks 330

10.8 Thermal Choking Due to Heating 334

10.9 When γ is not Equal to 1.4 338

10.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 338

10.11 Summary 339

Problems 341

Check Test 347

11 Real Gas Effects 349

11.1 Introduction 349

11.2 Objectives 350

11.3 What’s Really Going on 351

11.4 Semiperfect Gas Behavior and Development of the Gas Tables 354

11.5 Real Gas Behavior, Equations of State and, Compressibility Factors 361

11.6 Variable-γ Variable-Area Flows 365

11.7 Variable-γ Constant-Area Flows 373

11.8 High-Energy Gas Lasers 375

11.9 Summary 377

Problems 380

Check Test 381

12 Propulsion Systems 383

12.1 Introduction 383

12.2 Objectives 384

12.3 Brayton Cycle 384

12.4 Propulsion Engines 394

12.5 General Performance Parameters, Thrust, Power, and Efficiency 412

12.6 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 419

12.7 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems Incorporating Real Gas Effects 424

12.8 Rocket Propulsion Systems Performance Parameters 426

12.9 Supersonic Diffusers 431

12.10 Summary 434

Problems 435

Check Test 439

Appendices

A Summary of the English Engineering (EE) System of Units 441

B Summary of the International System (SI) of Units 445

C Friction-Factor Chart 449

D Oblique-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Two-Dimensional) 451

E Conical-Shock Charts (γ = 1.4) (Three-Dimensional) 455

F Generalized Compressibility Factor Chart 459

G Isentropic Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) (Including Prandtl–Meyer Function) 461

H Normal-Shock Parameters (γ = 1.4) 473

I Fanno Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 483

J Rayleigh Flow Parameters (γ = 1.4) 495

K Properties of Air at Low Pressure 507

L Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures 517

Selected References 519

Answers to Problems 523

Index 535

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