Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation

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ISBN: 9781566702812 | 156670281X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/31/1998

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Every practicing environmental engineer should already have a firm grasp on the basics of hazardous waste site remediation-the key to confronting a site problem, and devising an effective solution.Since their original introduction to remediation, technology has kept moving ahead with new ideas and procedures. Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation gives environmental professionals immediate access to the basics of the trade, along with information about recent advancements.This comprehensive overview examines the basics of such areas as hazardous materials chemistry, hydrogeology, reaction engineering, and clean-up level development. A chapter on Cost Estimating will be of particular interest to specialists, in light of recent concerns about the increased costs of remediation. After reading each chapter, test your new knowledge with the review problems.As a refresher guide for career environmental engineers, or a helpful tool to newcomers in the field, Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation is a valuable resource for longtime professionals and newcomers alike.

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

(12)

1.1 Ace Solvent Recovery Facility

(7)

1.1.1 Former Operations

(1)

1.1.2 Scope of the Site Investigation

(1)

1.1.3 Results of the Site Investigation -- Soils

(1)

1.1.4 Results of the Site Investigation -- Groundwater

(4)

1.2 What Do I Do Now?

(3)

Problems

(2)

2 Basic Principles

(90)

2.1 The Significance of Numbers

(1)

2.2 Chemistry of Hazardous Materials

(15)

2.2.1 Terminology

(1)

2.2.1.1 Units

(2)

2.2.1.2 Charge and Polarity

(1)

2.2.1.3 Solubility

(1)

2.2.1.4 Sorption

(1)

2.2.1.5 Volatility

(2)

2.2.1.6 Common Reactions

(1)

2.2.2 Common Contaminants

(1)

2.2.2.1 Alkanes

(1)

2.2.2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(1)

2.2.2.3 Chlorinated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethenes

(1)

2.2.2.4 Ketones

(1)

2.2.2.5 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

(1)

2.2.2.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

(2)

2.2.2.7 Metals and Other Inorganics

(2)

2.3 Overview of Hydrogeology

(12)

2.3.1 Hydrologic Cycle

(1)

2.3.2 Geologic Formations

(1)

2.3.3 Groundwater Flow

(4)

2.3.4 Contaminant Transport

(1)

2.3.4.1 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids

(2)

2.3.4.1.1 LNAPL

(1)

2.3.4.1.2 DNAPL

(2)

2.3.4.2 Dissolved Contamination

(2)

2.4 How Clean is Clean?

(23)

2.4.1 Detection Limits

(1)

2.4.2 Background Levels

(1)

2.4.3 Regulatory Standards, Criteria, and Screening Levels

(2)

2.4.4 Site-Specific Risk Assessment

(1)

2.4.4.1 Clean-Up Levels Based on Potential Human Health Risks

(1)

2.4.4.1.1 Types of Health Risks

(1)

2.4.4.1.2 Acceptable Risk

(1)

2.4.4.1.3 Exposure Assumptions

(2)

2.4.4.1.4 Calculation of Clean-Up Levels

(9)

2.4.4.2 Clean-Up Goals Based on Potential Risks to an Ecosystem

(2)

2.4.5 Clean-Up Goals Based on Protection of Groundwater

(2)

2.4.6 Clean-Up Levels Based on Mass Removal

(1)

2.5 Reaction Engineering

(6)

2.5.1 Types of Reactors

(1)

2.5.2 Mass Balance

(3)

2.5.3 Rate of Reaction

(1)

2.5.4 Treatability Testing

(1)

2.6 Environmental Regulations

(12)

2.6.1 Terminology

(1)

2.6.2 Waste Site Remediation

(3)

2.6.3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal

(1)

2.6.3.1 Waste Classification

(2)

2.6.3.2 Land Disposal Restrictions

(2)

2.6.3.3 Other RCRA Regulations

(1)

2.6.4 Other Pertinent Regulations

(1)

2.6.4.1 Clean Water Act

(2)

2.6.4.2 Safe Drinking Water Act

(1)

2.6.4.3 Occupational Safety and Health

(1)

2.6.4.4 Transportation

(1)

2.7 Cost Estimation

(8)

2.7.1 Level of Accuracy

(1)

2.7.2 Basis for Estimates

(1)

2.7.3 Components of Cost Estimates

(3)

2.7.4 Sources of Information

(1)

2.7.5 Shortcuts for Preliminary Estimates

(1)

2.7.5.1 Updating Capital Costs

(1)

2.7.5.2 Scaling Equipment Costs

(1)

2.7.5.3 Estimating Costs as a Percentage of Capital Costs

(1)

2.7.6 Sensitivity Analysis

(2)

Problems

(5)

References

(8)

3 Groundwater Remediation

103

(106)

3.1 Physical Barriers

105

(2)

3.2 Groundwater Extraction

107

(13)

3.2.1 Extraction Wells

107

(1)

3.2.1.1 Well Construction and Pumps

107

(3)

3.2.1.2 Modeling the Flow to a single Extraction Well

110

(4)

3.2.1.3 Siting Extraction Wells

114

(1)

3.2.1.4 Practical Considerations

115

(1)

3.2.2 Well Point Systems

115

(1)

3.2.3 Interceptor Trenches

116

(2)

3.2.4 Effectiveness of Pump-and-Treat Remedies

118

(1)

3.2.5 Enhancements

119

(1)

3.3 Groundwater Discharge

120

(1)

3.4 Groundwater Treatment

121

(31)

3.4.1 Immobilization Technologies

122

(4)

3.4.2 Separation Technologies

126

(1)

3.4.2.1 Sedimentation and Sludge Handling

126

(2)

3.4.2.2 Filtration

128

(1)

3.4.2.3 Oil-Water Separators and Dissolved Air Flotation

129

(2)

3.4.2.4 Air Stripping

131

(4)

3.4.2.5 Carbon Adsorption and Related Technologies

135

(5)

3.4.2.6 Ion Exchange

140

(3)

3.4.2.7 Reverse Osmosis

143

(1)

3.4.3 Destruction Technologies

143

(1)

3.4.3.1 Biological Treatment

143

(1)

3.4.3.1.1 Model for Bioreactors

144

(1)

3.4.3.1.2 General Design Considerations

145

(3)

3.4.3.1.3 Applications to Groundwater Treatment

148

(1)

3.4.3.2 Chemical Oxidation

149

(2)

3.4.3.3 Reduction by Zero-Valent Iron (Reductive Dehalogenation)

151

(1)

3.5 In Situ Treatment

152

(14)

3.5.1 Natural Attenuation

153

(1)

3.5.1.1 Conditions for Microbial Growth; Electron Acceptors

154

(1)

3.5.1.2 Degradation of Hydrocarbons

155

(1)

3.5.1.3 Degradation of Chlorinated Solvents

155

(2)

3.5.2 Air Sparging

157

(1)

3.5.2.1 Physical Principles

157

(1)

3.5.2.2 Air Sparging Through Wells

158

(1)

3.5.2.3 Effectiveness

159

(1)

3.5.2.4 In-Well Systems

160

(1)

3.5.3 In Situ Bioremediation

161

(1)

3.5.3.1 Aerobic Bioremediation

162

(1)

3.5.3.2 Anaerobic Bioremediation

163

(1)

3.5.4 Reductive Dehalogenation

164

(2)

3.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids

166

(19)

3.6.1 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids

167

(1)

3.6.1.1 Extraction

167

(1)

3.6.1.1.1 Removal of LNAPL Only

167

(2)

3.6.1.1.2 Removal of LNAPL and Groundwater

169

(1)

3.6.1.1.3 Vacuum Extraction/Multi-Phase Extraction

169

(5)

3.6.1.2 Disposal

174

(1)

3.6.2 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids

174

(1)

3.6.2.1 Water Flooding

174

(2)

3.6.2.2 Surfactants and Cosolvents

176

(1)

3.6.2.2.1 Surfactants

176

(3)

3.6.2.2.2 Cosolvents/Alcohol Flooding

179

(1)

3.6.2.3 Steam Injection

179

(4)

3.6.2.4 Oxidation

183

(2)

3.7 Control of Air Emissions from Groundwater Treatment Units

185

(5)

3.7.1 Removal of Water or Other Liquids

186

(1)

3.7.2 Vapor-Phase Carbon

186

(2)

3.7.3 Thermal Incineration

188

(1)

3.7.4 Catalytic Incineration

189

(1)

3.7.5 Biofilters

190

(1)

Problems

190

(6)

References

196

(13)

4 Soil Remediation

209

(88)

4.1 Soil Excavation and Materials Handling

209

(9)

4.1.1 Planning

210

(4)

4.1.2 Mobilization, Excavation, and Production

214

(3)

4.1.3 Materials Handling

217

(1)

4.1.4 Transportation Off Site

217

(1)

4.2 Immobilization Technologies

218

(17)

4.2.1 Disposal/Landfilling

218

(2)

4.2.2 Capping

220

(1)

4.2.2.1 Construction of a Multilayer Cap

221

(1)

4.2.2.1.1 Bottom or Low-Permebility Layer

221

(2)

4.2.2.1.2 Middle or Drainage Layer

223

(1)

4.2.2.1.3 Top or Erosion-Control Layer

224

(1)

4.2.2.2 Maintenance and Monitoring

224

(1)

4.2.3 Asphalt Batching

224

(1)

4.2.3.1 Hot-Mix Process

224

(2)

4.2.4 Solidification/Stabilization

226

(1)

4.2.4.1 Mechanics of Treatment

227

(1)

4.2.4.2 Reagents

228

(1)

4.2.4.2.1 Pozzolan- or Silicate-Based Processes

228

(1)

4.2.4.2.2 Cement-Based Processes

229

(1)

4.2.4.3 Results of Treatment

230

(1)

4.2.5 Vitrification

231

(1)

4.2.5.1 Vitrification of Excavated Soil

232

(1)

4.2.5.2 In Situ Vitrification

233

(2)

4.3 Separation Technologies

235

(27)

4.3.1 Soil Vapor Extraction

235

(1)

4.3.1.1 Physical Principles

235

(2)

4.3.1.2 Design of a Soil Vapor Extraction System

237

(1)

4.3.1.2.1 Soil Vapor Extraction Wells

237

(2)

4.3.1.2.2 Optimizing Air Flow Through the Soil

239

(1)

4.3.1.2.3 Blowers and Vacuum Pumps

240

(1)

4.3.1.2.4 Vapor Treatment System

241

(1)

4.3.1.3 Effectiveness

242

(2)

4.3.1.4 Related Technologies

244

(1)

4.3.2 Thermal Desorption

245

(1)

4.3.2.1 Treatment of Excavated Soil

245

(1)

4.3.2.1.1 Pretreatment and Feed

246

(1)

4.3.2.1.2 Thermal Processor

246

(3)

4.3.2.1.3 Emissions Control

249

(1)

4.3.2.1.4 Operating Considerations

249

(1)

4.3.2.2 In Situ Treatment

250

(1)

4.3.3 Soil Washing, Solvent Extraction, and Soil Flushing

251

(1)

4.3.3.1 Soil Washing

252

(1)

4.3.3.2 Solvent Extraction

253

(1)

4.3.3.3 Soil Flushing

253

(2)

4.3.4 Electrokinetic Remediation Technologies

255

(1)

4.3.4.1 Physical Effects

255

(4)

4.3.4.2 Remediation Processes

259

(3)

4.4 Destruction Technologies

262

(17)

4.4.1 Biological Processes

262

(1)

4.4.1.1 Bioremediation

262

(1)

4.4.1.1.1 Overview

262

(1)

4.4.1.1.2 Testing

263

(1)

4.4.1.1.3 Process Options

264

(5)

4.4.1.1.4 Operating Issues and Variations

269

(1)

4.4.1.2 Phytoremediation

270

(1)

4.4.1.2.1 Treatment Mechanisms

270

(1)

4.4.1.2.2 Limitations

271

(1)

4.4.2 Dechlorination

272

(1)

4.4.2.1 Glycolite Dehalogenation

272

(1)

4.4.2.2 Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination

273

(1)

4.4.3 Incineration

273

(2)

4.4.3.1 Overview

275

(2)

4.4.3.2 Process Options

277

(2)

4.4.3.3 Regulatory Requirements

279

(1)

4.5 Control of Air Emissions from Soil Treatment Units

279

(1)

Problems

280

(5)

References

285

(12)

5 Solutions

297

(22)

5.1 Chapter One

297

(1)

5.2 Chapter Two

297

(5)

5.3 Chapter Three

302

(9)

5.4 Chapter Four

311

(6)

References

317

(2)

Index

319

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Fundamentals of Hazardous Waste Site Remediation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials