Fundamentals of Heat Engines Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines

Summarizes the analysis and design of today’s gas heat engine cycles

This book offers readers comprehensive coverage of heat engine cycles. From ideal (theoretical) cycles to practical cycles and real cycles, it gradually increases in degree of complexity so that newcomers can learn and advance at a logical pace, and so instructors can tailor their courses toward each class level. To facilitate the transition from one type of cycle to another, it offers readers additional material covering fundamental engineering science principles in mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and thermochemistry.

Fundamentals of Heat Engines: Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal-Combustion Engines begins with a review of some fundamental principles of engineering science, before covering a wide range of topics on thermochemistry. It next discusses theoretical aspects of the reciprocating piston engine, starting with simple air-standard cycles, followed by theoretical cycles of forced induction engines, and ending with more realistic cycles that can be used to predict engine performance as a first approximation. Lastly, the book looks at gas turbines and covers cycles with gradually increasing complexity to end with realistic engine design-point and off-design calculations methods.

• Covers two main heat engines in one single reference
• Teaches heat engine fundamentals as well as advanced topics
• Includes comprehensive thermodynamic and thermochemistry data
• Offers customizable content to suit beginner or advanced undergraduate courses and entry-level postgraduate studies in automotive, mechanical, and aerospace degrees
• Provides representative problems at the end of most chapters, along with a detailed example of piston-engine design-point calculations
• Features case studies of design-point calculations of gas turbine engines in two chapters

Fundamentals of Heat Engines can be adopted for mechanical, aerospace, and automotive engineering courses at different levels and will also benefit engineering professionals in those fields and beyond.

Jamil Ghojel, PhD, has over 24 years of experience teaching undergraduate and graduate students of mechanical and aerospace engineering and performing research in heat engines at the University of Damascus (Syria), the University of Michigan as a Visiting Fulbright Scholar (USA), the University of Melbourne (Australia), and Monash University (Australia).

Series Preface ix

Preface xi

Glossary xiii

About the Companion Website xvii

Part I Fundamentals of Engineering Science 1

Introduction I: Role of Engineering Science 2

1 Review of Basic Principles 4

1.1 Engineering Mechanics 4

1.2 Fluid Mechanics 11

1.3 Thermodynamics 19

Problems 39

2 Thermodynamics of Reactive Mixtures 45

2.1 Fuels 45

2.2 Stoichiometry 45

2.3 Chemical Reactions 47

2.4 Thermodynamic Properties of the Combustion Products 56

2.5 First Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 59

2.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 67

2.7 Entropy Change in Reacting Mixtures 73

2.8 Second Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 74

2.9 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 75

2.10 Multi-Species Equilibrium Composition of Combustion Products 81

Problems 90

Part II Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 95

Introduction II: History and Classification of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 96

3 Ideal Cycles for Natural-Induction Reciprocating Engines 99

3.1 Generalised Cycle 99

3.2 Constant-Volume Cycle (Otto Cycle) 104

3.3 Constant Pressure (Diesel) Cycle 106

3.4 Dual Cycle (Pressure-Limited Cycle) 108

3.5 Cycle Comparison 114

Problems 116

4 Ideal Cycles for Forced-Induction Reciprocating Engines 119

4.1 Turbocharged Cycles 119

4.2 Supercharged Cycles 126

4.3 Forced Induction Cycles with Intercooling 129

4.4 Comparison of Boosted Cycles 138

Problems 140

5 Fuel-Air Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 143

5.1 Fuel-Air Cycle Assumptions 143

5.2 Compression Process 144

5.3 Combustion Process 145

5.4 Expansion Process 148

5.5 Mean Effective Pressure 148

5.6 Cycle Comparison 150

Problems 151

6 Practical Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 153

6.1 Four-Stroke Engine 153

6.2 Two-Stroke Engine 157

6.3 Practical Cycles for Four-Stroke Engines 160

6.4 Cycle Comparison 172

6.5 Cycles Based on Combustion Modelling (Wiebe Function) 173

6.6 Example of Wiebe Function Application 182

6.7 Double Wiebe Models 184

6.8 Computer-Aided Engine Simulation 186

Problems 188

7 Work-Transfer System in Reciprocating Engines 189

7.1 Kinematics of the Piston-Crank Mechanism 189

7.2 Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 193

7.3 Multi-Cylinder Engines 206

7.4 Engine Balancing 215

Problems 224

8 Reciprocating Engine Performance Characteristics 228

8.1 Indicator Diagrams 228

8.2 Indicated Parameters 231

8.3 Brake Parameters 233

8.4 Engine Design Point and Performance 235

8.5 Off-Design Performance 239

Problems 247

Part III Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines 251

Introduction III: History and Classification of Gas Turbines 252

9 Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 254

9.1 Joule-Brayton Ideal Cycle 254

9.2 Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regeneration) 258

9.3 Cycle with Reheat 260

9.4 Cycle with Intercooling 263

9.5 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 265

9.6 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 267

9.7 Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 268

9.8 Cycle Comparison 270

Problems 272

10 Irreversible Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 274

10.1 Component Efficiencies 275

10.2 Simple Irreversible Cycle 280

10.3 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regenerative Irreversible Cycle) 284

10.4 Irreversible Cycle with Reheat 287

10.5 Irreversible Cycle with Intercooling 288

10.6 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 290

10.7 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 292

10.8 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 294

10.9 Comparison of Irreversible Cycles 295

Problems 297

11 Practical Gas Turbine Cycles 299

11.1 Simple Single-Shaft Gas Turbine 299

11.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Air 300

11.3 Compression Process in the Compressor 301

11.4 Combustion Process 302

11.5 Expansion Process in the Turbine 314

Problems 316

12 Design-Point Calculations of Aviation Gas Turbines 317

12.1 Properties of Air 317

12.2 Simple Turbojet Engine 322

12.3 Performance of Turbojet Engine – Case Study 328

12.4 Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 337

12.5 Performance of Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine – Case Study 350

12.6 Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 357

12.7 Performance of Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine – Case Study 369

Problems 373

13 Design-Point Calculations of Industrial Gas Turbines 376

13.1 Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 376

13.2 Performance of Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine – Case Study 379

13.3 Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 387

13.4 Performance of Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine – Case Study 390

Problems 394

14 Work-Transfer System in Gas Turbines 398

14.1 Axial-Flow Compressors 398

14.2 Radial-Flow Compressors 404

14.3 Axial-Flow Turbines 407

14.4 Radial-Flow Turbines 422

Problems 427

15 Off-Design Performance of Gas Turbines 429

15.1 Component-Matching Method 429

15.2 Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Matching Method 446

Problems 464

Bibliography 466

Appendix A Thermodynamic Tables 469

Appendix B Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 485

Appendix C Design Point Calculations – Reciprocating Engines 492

C.1 Engine Processes 492

Appendix D Equations for the Thermal Efficiency and Specific Work of Theoretical Gas Turbine Cycles 497

Nomenclature 498

Index 499

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