- ISBN: 9781119801191 | 1119801192
- Cover: Loose-leaf
- Copyright: 10/5/2021
Renowned for its interactive focus on conceptual understanding, its superlative problem-solving instruction, and emphasis on reasoning skills, the Fundamentals of Physics: Volume 1, 12th Edition, is an industry-leading resource in physics teaching. With expansive, insightful, and accessible treatments of a wide variety of subjects, including straight line motion, measurement, vectors, and kinetic energy, the book is an invaluable reference for physics educators and students. In the first volume of this two-volume set, the authors discuss subjects including gravitation, wave theory, entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and more.
1 Measurement 1
1.1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1
What is Physics? 1
Measuring Things 1
The International System of Units 2
Changing Units 3
Length 3
Significant Figures and Decimal Places 4
1.2 Time 5
Time 5
1.3 Mass 6
Mass 7
Review & Summary 8 Problems 8
2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13
2.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13
What is Physics? 13
Motion 14
Position and Displacement 14
Average Velocity and Average Speed 15
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
2.3 Acceleration 20
Acceleration 20
2.4 Constant Acceleration 23
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case 23
Another Look at Constant Acceleration 27
2.5 Free-Fall Acceleration 28
Free-Fall Acceleration 28
2.6 Graphical Integration In Motion Analysis 30
Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 30
Review & Summary 32 Questions 32 Problems 33
3 Vectors 44
3.1 Vectors and Their Components 44
What is Physics? 44
Vectors and Scalars 44
Adding Vectors Geometrically 45
Components of Vectors 46
3.2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 50
Unit Vectors 50
Adding Vectors by Components 50
Vectors and the Laws of Physics 51
3.3 Multiplying Vectors 52
Multiplying Vectors 53
Review & Summary 58 Questions 59 Problems 60
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 67
4.1 Position and Displacement 67
What is Physics? 67
Position and Displacement 68
4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 70
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 70
4.3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 73
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 73
4.4 Projectile Motion 75
Projectile Motion 76
4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 82
Uniform Circular Motion 82
4.6 Relative Motion In One Dimension 84
Relative Motion in One Dimension 78
4.7 Relative Motion In Two Dimensions 86
Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 86
Review & Summary 88 Questions 89 Problems 90
5 Force and Motion—I 101
5.1 Newton’s First and Second Laws 101
What is Physics? 101
Newtonian Mechanics 102
Newton’s First Law 102
Force 103
Mass 104
Newton’s Second Law 105
5.2 Some Particular Forces 109
Some Particular Forces 109
5.3 Applying Newton’s Laws 113
Newton’s Third Law 113
Applying Newton’s Laws 115
Review & Summary 121 Questions 122 Problems 124
6 Force and Motion—II 132
6.1 Friction 132
What is Physics? 132
Friction 132
Properties of Friction 135
6.2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 138
The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 138
6.3 Uniform Circular Motion 140
Uniform Circular Motion 141
Review & Summary 145 Questions 145 Problems 146
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 156
7.1 Kinetic Energy 156
What is Physics? 156
What is Energy? 156
Kinetic Energy 157
7.2 Work and Kinetic Energy 158
Work 158
Work and Kinetic Energy 159
7.3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 163
Work Done by the Gravitational Force 163
7.4 Work Done By A Spring Force 167
Work Done by a Spring Force 167
7.5 Work Done By A General Variable Force 170
Work Done by a General Variable Force 171
7.6 Power 174
Power 174
Review & Summary 176 Questions 177 Problems 179
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 186
8.1 Potential Energy 186
What is Physics? 187
Work and Potential Energy 187
Path Independence of Conservative Forces 188
Determining Potential Energy Values 190
8.2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193
Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193
8.3 Reading A Potential Energy Curve 196
Reading a Potential Energy Curve 197
8.4 Work Done On A System By An External Force 201
Work Done on a System by an External Force 201
8.5 Conservation of Energy 205
Conservation of Energy 205
Review & Summary 209 Questions 210
Problems 212
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 225
9.1 Center of Mass 225
What is Physics? 225
The Center of Mass 226
9.2 Newton’s Second Law For A System of Particles 229
Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 230
9.3 Linear Momentum 234
Linear Momentum 234
The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 235
9.4 Collision and Impulse 236
Collision and Impulse 236
9.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 240
Conservation of Linear Momentum 240
9.6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy In Collisions 243
Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 243
Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 244
9.7 Elastic Collisions In One Dimension 247
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 247
9.8 Collisions In Two Dimensions 251
Collisions in Two Dimensions 251
9.9 Systems With Varying Mass: A Rocket 252
Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket 252
Review & Summary 254 Questions 256 Problems 257
10 Rotation 270
10.1 Rotational Variables 270
What is Physics? 271
Rotational Variables 272
Are Angular Quantities Vectors? 277
10.2 Rotation With Constant Angular Acceleration 279
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 279
10.3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 281
Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 281
10.4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 285
Kinetic Energy of Rotation 285
10.5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 286
Calculating the Rotational Inertia 287
10.6 Torque 291
Torque 291
10.7 Newton’s Second Law For Rotation 292
Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 293
10.8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 296
Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 297
Review & Summary 299 Questions 300
Problems 301
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 310
11.1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 310
What is Physics? 310
Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined 310
11.2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 313
The Kinetic Energy of Rolling 313
The Forces of Rolling 314
11.3 The Yo-Yo 316
The Yo-Yo 317
11.4 Torque Revisited 317
Torque Revisited 318
11.5 Angular Momentum 320
Angular Momentum 320
11.6 Newton’s Second Law In Angular Form 322
Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 322
11.7 Angular Momentum of A Rigid Body 325
The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 325
The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 326
11.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 328
Conservation of Angular Momentum 328
11.9 Precession of A Gyroscope 333
Precession of a Gyroscope 333
Review & Summary 334 Questions 335 Problems 336
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 344
12.1 Equilibrium 344
What is Physics? 344
Equilibrium 344
The Requirements of Equilibrium 346
The Center of Gravity 347
12.2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 349
Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 349
12.3 Elasticity 355
Indeterminate Structures 355
Elasticity 356
Review & Summary 360 Questions 360
Problems 362
13 Gravitation 372
13.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 372
What is Physics? 372
Newton’s Law of Gravitation 373
13.2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 375
Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 375
13.3 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 377
Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 378
13.4 Gravitation Inside Earth 381
Gravitation Inside Earth 381
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 383
Gravitational Potential Energy 383
13.6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 387
Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 388
13.7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 390
Satellites: Orbits and Energy 391
13.8 Einstein and Gravitation 393
Einstein and Gravitation 393
Review & Summary 396 Questions 397
Problems 399
14 Fluids 406
14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 406
What is Physics? 406
What is a Fluid? 406
Density and Pressure 407
14.2 Fluids At Rest 409
Fluids at Rest 409
14.3 Measuring Pressure 412
Measuring Pressure 412
14.4 Pascal’s Principle 413
Pascal’s Principle 413
14.5 Archimedes’ Principle 415
Archimedes’ Principle 415
14.6 The Equation of Continuity 419
Ideal Fluids in Motion 420
The Equation of Continuity 421
14.7 Bernoulli’s Equation 423
Bernoulli’s Equation 424
Review & Summary 426 Questions 427
Problems 428
15 Oscillations 436
15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 436
What is Physics? 437
Simple Harmonic Motion 437
The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 442
15.2 Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion 444
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 444
15.3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 446
An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 446
15.4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 448
Pendulums 448
Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 451
15.5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 453
Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 453
15.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 456
Forced Oscillations and Resonance 456
Review & Summary 457 Questions 458
Problems 459
16 Waves—I 468
16.1 Transverse Waves 468
What is Physics? 469
Types of Waves 469
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 469
Wavelength and Frequency 470
The Speed of a Traveling Wave 473
16.2 Wave Speed On A Stretched String 476
Wave Speed on a Stretched String 476
16.3 Energy and Power of A Wave Traveling Along A String 478
Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 478
16.4 The Wave Equation 480
The Wave Equation 480
16.5 Interference of Waves 482
The Principle of Superposition for Waves 483
Interference of Waves 483
16.6 Phasors 487
Phasors 487
16.7 Standing Waves and Resonance 490
Standing Waves 491
Standing Waves and Resonance 493
Review & Summary 495 Questions 496
Problems 497
17 Waves—II 505
17.1 Speed of Sound 505
What is Physics? 505
Sound Waves 505
The Speed of Sound 506
17.2 Traveling Sound Waves 508
Traveling Sound Waves 509
17.3 Interference 511
Interference 511
17.4 Intensity and Sound Level 515
Intensity and Sound Level 515
17.5 Sources of Musical Sound 518
Sources of Musical Sound 518
17.6 Beats 522
Beats 522
17.7 The Doppler Effect 524
The Doppler Effect 525
17.8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 529
Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 529
Review & Summary 530 Questions 531
Problems 532
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 541
18.1 Temperature 541
What is Physics? 541
Temperature 542
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 542
Measuring Temperature 543
18.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 545
The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 546
18.3 Thermal Expansion 547
Thermal Expansion 548
18.4 Absorption of Heat 550
Temperature and Heat 551
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 552
18.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 556
A Closer Look at Heat and Work 557
The First Law of Thermodynamics 559
Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 560
18.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 562
Heat Transfer Mechanisms 563
Review & Summary 567 Questions 569 Problems 570
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 578
19.1 Avogadro’s Number 578
What is Physics? 578
Avogadro’s Number 579
19.2 Ideal Gases 579
Ideal Gases 580
19.3 Pressure, Temperature, and Rms Speed 583
Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 583
19.4 Translational Kinetic Energy 586
Translational Kinetic Energy 586
19.5 Mean Free Path 587
Mean Free Path 587
19.6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 589
The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 590
19.7 The Molar Specific Heats of An Ideal Gas 593
The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 593
19.8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 597
Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 597
A Hint of Quantum Theory 600
19.9 The Adiabatic Expansion of An Ideal Gas 600
The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 601
Review & Summary 605 Questions 606 Problems 606
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 613
20.1 Entropy 613
What is Physics? 614
Irreversible Processes and Entropy 614
Change in Entropy 615
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 619
20.2 Entropy In The Real World: Engines 620
Entropy in the Real World: Engines 621
20.3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 626
Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators 627
The Efficiencies of Real Engines 628
20.4 A Statistical View of Entropy 629
A Statistical View of Entropy 629
Review & Summary 633 Questions 634 Problems 635
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of The Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
Index I-1
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