Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

, by Sonntag, Richard E.; Borgnakke, Claus; Van Wylen, Gordon J.

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ISBN: 9780471183617 | 047118361X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/1997

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Presenting a comprehensive and thorough treatment of thermodynamics while still retaining an engineering perspective, this updated edition contains revised contents and chapters, changes in table listings and equations, as well as the addition of simpler homework problems.

1 SOME INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS

(15)

1.1 The Simple Steam Power Plant

(3)

1.2 Fuel Cells

(1)

1.3 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

(2)

1.4 The Thermoelectric Refrigerator

(1)

1.5 The Air Separation Plant

(4)

1.6 The Gas Turbine

(1)

1.7 The Chemical Rocket Engine

(1)

1.8 Environmental Issues

(2)

2 SOME CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

(24)

2.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume

(1)

2.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Point of View

(1)

2.3 Properties and State of a Substance

(1)

2.4 Processes and Cycles

(2)

2.5 Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force

(3)

2.6 Energy

(2)

2.7 Specific Volume

(1)

2.8 Pressure

(3)

2.9 Equality of Temperature

(1)

2.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

(1)

2.11 Temperature Scales

(1)

Problems

(8)

3 PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

(30)

3.1 The Pure Substance

(1)

3.2 Vapor-Liquid-Solid-Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance

(5)

3.3 Independent Properties of a Pure Substance

(1)

3.4 Equations of State for the Vapor Phase of a Simple Compressible Substance

(6)

3.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

(3)

3.6 Computerized Tables

(1)

3.7 Thermodynamic Surfaces

(3)

Problems

(11)

4 WORK AND HEAT

(26)

4.1 Definition of Work

(1)

4.2 Units for Work

(1)

4.3 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System

(6)

4.4 Other Systems that Involve Work

(2)

4.5 Concluding Remarks Regarding Work

(2)

4.6 Definition of Heat

(1)

4.7 Units of Heat

(1)

4.8 Heat Transfer Modes

(1)

4.9 Comparison of Heat and Work

(2)

Problems

(9)

5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

(44)

5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing a Cycle

(1)

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass

(4)

5.3 Internal Energy--A Thermodynamic Property

101

(2)

5.4 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique

103

(5)

5.5 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy

108

(3)

5.6 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats

111

(2)

5.7 The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases

113

(7)

5.8 The First Law as a Rate Equation

120

(1)

5.9 Conservation of Mass

121

(1)

Problems

122

(18)

6 FIRST LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

140

(51)

6.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume

140

(3)

6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume

143

(2)

6.3 The Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process (SSSF)

145

(2)

6.4 Examples of Steady-State, Steady-Flow Processes

147

(16)

6.5 The Uniform-State, Uniform-Flow Process

163

(10)

Problems

173

(18)

7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

191

(32)

7.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators

191

(4)

7.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

195

(3)

7.3 The Reversible Process

198

(1)

7.4 Factors that Render Processes Irreversible

199

(3)

7.5 The Carnot Cycle

202

(2)

7.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle

204

(1)

7.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

205

(5)

7.8 The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale

210

(4)

Problems

214

(9)

8 ENTROPY

223

(49)

8.1 The Inequality of Clausius

223

(4)

8.2 Entropy--A Property of a System

227

(2)

8.3 The Entropy of a Pure Substance

229

(2)

8.4 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

231

(4)

8.5 The Thermodynamic Property Relation

235

(1)

8.6 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process

236

(2)

8.7 Entropy Generation

238

(2)

8.8 Principle of the Increase of Entropy

240

(4)

8.9 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid

244

(1)

8.10 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas

244

(7)

8.11 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas

251

(3)

8.12 Entropy as a Rate Equation

254

(1)

Problems

255

(17)

9 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

272

(39)

9.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume

272

(2)

9.2 The Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process and the Uniform-State, Uniform-Flow Process

274

(7)

9.3 The Reversible Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process

281

(3)

9.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy

284

(1)

9.5 Efficiency

285

(6)

9.6 Some General Comments Regarding Entropy

291

(1)

Problems

292

(19)

10 IRREVERSIBILITY AND AVAILABILITY

311

(35)

10.1 Available Energy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility

311

(12)

10.2 Availability and Second-Law Efficiency

323

(11)

Problems

334

(12)

11 POWER AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

346

(92)

11.1 Introduction to Power Systems

346

(2)

11.2 The Rankine Cycle

348

(4)

11.3 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle

352

(4)

11.4 The Reheat Cycle

356

(3)

11.5 The Regenerative Cycle

359

(6)

11.6 Deviations of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles

365

(6)

11.7 Cogeneration

371

(1)

11.8 Air-Standard Power Cycles

372

(1)

11.9 The Brayton Cycle

373

(7)

11.10 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator

380

(3)

11.11 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations

383

(3)

11.12 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion

386

(1)

11.13 The Otto Cycle

387

(6)

11.14 The Diesel Cycle

393

(3)

11.15 The Stirling Cycle

396

(1)

11.16 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems

397

(1)

11.17 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

398

(2)

11.18 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems

400

(1)

11.19 Deviations of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle

401

(3)

11.20 The Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

404

(1)

11.21 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle

405

(6)

11.22 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems

411

(2)

Problems

413

(25)

12 GAS MIXTURES

438

(34)

12.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases

438

(7)

12.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor

445

(5)

12.3 The First Law Applied to Gas-Vapor Mixtures

450

(3)

12.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process

453

(2)

12.5 Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures

455

(1)

12.6 The Psychrometric Chart

456

(1)

Problems

457

(15)

13 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS

472

(49)

13.1 The Clapeyron Equation

472

(3)

13.2 Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase

475

(3)

13.3 The Maxwell Relations

478

(3)

13.4 Some Thermodynamic Relations Involving Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy

481

(5)

13.5 Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility

486

(3)

13.6 Developing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties from Experimental Data

489

(2)

13.7 Real Gas Behavior and Equations of State

491

(5)

13.8 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy at Constant Temperature

496

(3)

13.9 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy at Constant Temperature

499

(3)

13.10 The Property Relation for Mixtures

502

(2)

13.11 Pseudopure Substance Models for Real Gas Mixtures

504

(5)

Problems

509

(12)

14 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

521

(52)

14.1 Fuels

521

(3)

14.2 The Combustion Process

524

(8)

14.3 Enthalpy of Formation

532

(2)

14.4 First Law Analysis of Reacting Systems

534

(6)

14.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature

540

(2)

14.6 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heat of Reaction

542

(4)

14.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy

546

(1)

14.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems

547

(8)

14.9 Evaluation of Actual Combustion Processes

555

(4)

Problems

559

(14)

15 INTRODUCTION TO PHASE AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

573

(32)

15.1 Requirements for Equilibrium

573

(2)

15.2 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance

575

(4)

15.3 Metastable Equilibrium

579

(1)

15.4 Chemical Equilibrium

580

(8)

15.5 Simultaneous Reactions

588

(4)

15.6 Ionization

592

(4)

Problems

596

(9)

16 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

605

(38)

16.1 Stagnation Properties

605

(2)

16.2 The Momentum Equation for a Control Volume

607

(3)

16.3 Forces Acting on a Control Surface

610

(2)

16.4 Adiabatic, One-Dimensional, Steady-State Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid Through a Nozzle

612

(2)

16.5 Velocity of Sound in an Ideal Gas

614

(2)

16.6 Reversible, Adiabatic, One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas Through a Nozzle

616

(3)

16.7 Mass Rate of Flow of an Ideal Gas Through an Isentropic Nozzle

619

(5)

16.8 Normal Shock in an Ideal Gas Flowing Through a Nozzle

624

(5)

16.9 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients

629

(2)

16.10 Nozzle and Orifices as Flow-Measuring Devices

631

(5)

Problems

636

(7)

CONTENTS OF APPENDIX

643

(2)

APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE STATE PROPERTIES

645

(19)

APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES

664

(50)

APPENDIX C ENGLISH UNITS: PROPERTIES AND TABLES

714

(47)

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE

761

(5)

APPENDIX E SPECIFIC HEAT AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE

766

(2)

APPENDIX F FIGURES

768

(5)

SOME SELECTED REFERENCES

773

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

774

(7)

INDEX

781

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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials