Fundamentals Of Wireless Communication

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ISBN: 9780521845274 | 0521845270
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/11/2005

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The past decade has seen many advances in physical layer wireless communication theory and their implementation in wireless systems. This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains the web of concepts underpinning these advances at a level accessible to an audience with a basic background in probability and digital communication. Topics covered include MIMO (multi-input, multi-output) communication, space-time coding, opportunistic communication, OFDM and CDMA. The concepts are illustrated using many examples from real wireless systems such as GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), IS-856 (1 x EV-DO), Flash OFDM and UWB (ultra-wideband). Particular emphasis is placed on the interplay between concepts and their implementation in real systems. An abundant supply of exercises and figures reinforce the material in the text. This book is intended for use on graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and will also be of great interest to practising engineers.

Preface

Acknowledgements

xviii

List of notation

Introduction

(9)

Book objective

(1)

Wireless systems

(3)

Book outline

(5)

The wireless channel

(39)

Physical modeling for wireless channels

(10)

Free space, fixed transmit and receive antennas

(1)

Free space, moving antenna

(1)

Reflecting wall, fixed antenna

(2)

Reflecting wall, moving antenna

(1)

Reflection from a ground plane

(1)

Power decay with distance and shadowing

(1)

Moving antenna, multiple reflectors

(1)

Input/output model of the wireless channel

(10)

The wireless channel as a linear time-varying system

(2)

Baseband equivalent model

(3)

A discrete-time baseband model

(3)

Discussion 2.1 Degrees of freedom

(1)

Additive white noise

(1)

Time and frequency coherence

(4)

Doppler spread and coherence time

(1)

Delay spread and coherence bandwidth

(3)

Statistical channel models

(8)

Modeling philosophy

(2)

Rayleigh and Rician fading

(1)

Tap gain auto-correlation function

(1)

Example 2.2 Clarke's model

(2)

Chapter 2 The main plot

(2)

Bibliographical notes

(1)

Exercises

(7)

Point-to-point communication: detection, diversity and channel uncertainity

(71)

Detection in a Rayleigh fading channel

(10)

Non-coherent detection

(2)

Coherent detection

(4)

From BPSK to QPSK: exploiting the degrees of freedom

(3)

Diversity

(1)

Time diversity

(11)

Repetition coding

(4)

Beyond repetition coding

(4)

Summary 3.1 Time diversity code design criterion

(1)

Example 3.1 Time diversity in GSM

(2)

Antenna diversity

(12)

Receive diversity

(2)

Transmit diversity: space-time codes

(4)

MIMO: a 2 x 2 example

(5)

Summary 3.2 2 x 2 MIMO schemes

(1)

Frequency diversity

(19)

Basic concept

(1)

Single-carrier with ISI equalization

(7)

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum

(4)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(6)

Summary 3.3 Communication over frequency-selective channels

101

(1)

Impact of channel uncertainty

102

(8)

Non-coherent detection for DS spread-spectrum

103

(2)

Channel estimation

105

(2)

Other diversity scenarios

107

(2)

Chapter 3 The main plot

109

(1)

Bibliographical notes

110

(1)

Exercises

111

(9)

Cellular systems: multiple access and interference management

120

(46)

Introduction

120

(3)

Narrowband cellular systems

123

(5)

Narrowband allocations: GSM system

124

(2)

Impact on network and system design

126

(1)

Impact on frequency reuse

127

(1)

Summary 4.1 Narrowband systems

128

(1)

Wideband systems: CDMA

128

(20)

CDMA uplink

131

(14)

CDMA downlink

145

(2)

System issues

147

(1)

Summary 4.2 CDMA

147

(1)

Wideband systems: OFDM

148

(7)

Allocation design principles

148

(2)

Hopping pattern

150

(2)

Signal characteristics and receiver design

152

(1)

Sectorization

153

(1)

Example 4.1 Flash-OFDM

153

(1)

Chapter 4 The main plot

154

(1)

Bibliographical notes

155

(1)

Exercises

155

(11)

Capacity of wireless channels

166

(62)

AWGN channel capacity

167

(5)

Repetition coding

167

(1)

Packing spheres

168

(2)

Discussion 5.1 Capacity-achieving AWGN channel codes

170

(1)

Summary 5.1 Reliable rate of communication and capacity

171

(1)

Resources of the AWGN channel

172

(7)

Continuous-time AWGN channel

172

(1)

Power and bandwidth

173

(2)

Example 5.2 Bandwidth reuse in cellular systems

175

(4)

Linear time-invariant Gaussian channels

179

(7)

Single input multiple output (SIMO) channel

179

(1)

Multiple input single output (MISO) channel

179

(2)

Frequency-selective channel

181

(5)

Capacity of fading channels

186

(31)

Slow fading channel

187

(2)

Receive diversity

189

(2)

Transmit diversity

191

(4)

Summary 5.2 Transmit and recieve diversity

195

(1)

Time and frequency diversity

195

(4)

Summary 5.3 Outage for parallel channels

199

(1)

Fast fading channel

199

(4)

Transmitter side information

203

(6)

Example 5.3 Rate adaptation in IS-856

209

(4)

Frequency-selective fading channels

213

(1)

Summary: a shift in point of view

213

(1)

Chapter 5 The main plot

214

(3)

Bibliographical notes

217

(1)

Exercises

217

(11)

Multiuser capacity and opportunistic communication

228

(62)

Uplink AWGN channel

229

(6)

Capacity via successive interference cancellation

229

(3)

Comparison with conventional CDMA

232

(1)

Comparison with orthogonal multiple access

232

(2)

General K-user uplink capacity

234

(1)

Downlink AWGN channel

235

(8)

Symmetric case: two capacity-achieving schemes

236

(2)

General case: superposition coding achieves capacity

238

(2)

Summary 6.1 Uplink and downlink AWGN capacity

240

(1)

Discussion 6.1 SIC: implementation issues

241

(2)

Uplink fading channel

243

(7)

Slow fading channel

243

(2)

Fast fading channel

245

(2)

Full channel side information

247

(3)

Summary 6.2 Uplink fading channel

250

(1)

Downlink fading channel

250

(2)

Channel side information at receiver only

250

(1)

Full channel side information

251

(1)

Frequency-selective fading channels

252

(1)

Multiuser diversity

253

(3)

Multiuser diversity gain

253

(3)

Multiuser versus classical diversity

256

(1)

Multiuser diversity: system aspects

256

(21)

Fair scheduling and multiuser diversity

258

(4)

Channel prediction and feedback

262

(1)

Opportunistic beamforming using dumb antennas

263

(7)

Multiuser diversity in multicell systems

270

(2)

A system view

272

(3)

Chapter 6 The main plot

275

(2)

Bibliographical notes

277

(1)

Exercises

278

(12)

MIMO I: spatial multiplexing and channel modeling

290

(42)

Multiplexing capability of deterministic MIMO channels

291

(4)

Capacity via singular value decomposition

291

(3)

Rank and condition number

294

(1)

Physical modeling of MIMO channels

295

(14)

Line-of-sight SIMO channel

296

(2)

Line-of-sight MISO channel

298

(1)

Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path

299

(1)

Geographically separated antennas

300

(6)

Line-of-sight plus one reflected path

306

(3)

Summary 7.1 Multiplexing capability of MIMO channels

309

(1)

Modeling of MIMO fading channels

309

(20)

Basic approach

309

(2)

MIMO multipath channel

311

(1)

Angular domain representation of signals

311

(4)

Angular domain representation of MIMO channels

315

(2)

Statistical modeling in the angular domain

317

(1)

Degrees of freedom and diversity

318

(1)

Example 7.1 Degrees of freedom in clustered response models

319

(4)

Dependency on antenna spacing

323

(4)

I.i.d. Rayleigh fading model

327

(1)

Chapter 7 The main plot

328

(1)

Bibliographical notes

329

(1)

Exercises

330

(2)

MIMO II: capacity and multiplexing architectures

332

(51)

The V-BLAST architecture

333

(2)

Fast fading MIMO channel

335

(13)

Capacity with CSI at receiver

336

(2)

Performance gains

338

(8)

Full CSI

346

(2)

Summary 8.1 Performance gains in a MIMO channel

348

(1)

Receiver architectures

348

(18)

Linear decorrelator

349

(6)

Successive cancellation

355

(1)

Linear MMSE receiver

356

(6)

Information theoretic optimality

362

(2)

Discussion 8.1 Connections with CDMA multiuser detection and ISI equalization

364

(2)

Slow fading MIMO channel

366

(2)

D-BLAST: an outage-optimal architecture

368

(6)

Suboptimality of V-BLAST

368

(3)

Coding across transmit antennas: D-BLAST

371

(1)

Discussion

372

(1)

Chapter 8 The main plot

373

(1)

Bibliographical notes

374

(1)

Exercises

374

(9)

MIMO III: diversity--multiplexing tradeoff and universal space-time codes

383

(42)

Diversity--multiplexing tradeoff

384

(14)

Formulation

384

(2)

Scalar Rayleigh channel

386

(4)

Parallel Rayleigh channel

390

(1)

MISO Rayleigh channel

391

(1)

2 x 2 MIMO Rayleigh channel

392

(3)

nt x nr MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh channel

395

(3)

Universal code design for optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff

398

(18)

QAM is approximately universal for scalar channels

398

(2)

Summary 9.1 Approximate universality

400

(1)

Universal code design for parallel channels

400

(6)

Summary 9.2 Universal codes for the parallel channel

406

(1)

Universal code design for MISO channels

407

(3)

Summary 9.3 Universal codes for the MISO channel

410

(1)

Universal code design for MIMO channels

411

(4)

Discussion 9.1 Universal codes in the downlink

415

(1)

Chapter 9 The main plot

415

(1)

Bibliographical notes

416

(1)

Exercises

417

(8)

MIMO IV: multiuser communication

425

(71)

Uplink with multiple receive antennas

426

(16)

Space-division multiple access

426

(2)

SDMA capacity region

428

(3)

System implications

431

(1)

Summary 10.1 SDMA and orthogonal multiple access

432

(1)

Slow fading

433

(3)

Fast fading

436

(3)

Multiuser diversity revisited

439

(3)

Summary 10.2 Opportunistic communication and multiple receive antennas

442

(1)

MIMO uplink

442

(6)

SDMA with multiple transmit antennas

442

(2)

System implications

444

(2)

Fast fading

446

(2)

Downlink with multiple transmit antennas

448

(23)

Degrees of freedom in the downlink

448

(1)

Uplink-downlink duality and transmit beamforming

449

(5)

Precoding for interference known at transmitter

454

(11)

Precoding for the downlink

465

(3)

Fast fading

468

(3)

MIMO downlink

471

(2)

Multiple antennas in cellular networks: a system view

473

(9)

Summary 10.3 System implications of multiple antennas on multiple access

473

(1)

Inter-cell interference management

474

(2)

Uplink with multiple receive antennas

476

(2)

MIMO uplink

478

(1)

Downlink with multiple receive antennas

479

(1)

Downlink with multiple transmit antennas

479

(1)

Example 10.1 SDMA in ArrayComm systems

479

(2)

Chapter 10 The main plot

481

(1)

Bibliographical notes

482

(1)

Exercises

483

(13)

Appendix A Detection and estimation in additive Gaussian noise

496

(20)

Gaussian random variables

496

(7)

Scalar real Gaussian random variables

496

(1)

Real Gaussian random vectors

497

(3)

Complex Gaussian random vectors

500

(2)

Summary A.1 Complex Gaussian random vectors

502

(1)

Detection in Gaussian noise

503

(6)

Scalar detection

503

(1)

Detection in a vector space

504

(3)

Detection in a complex vector space

507

(1)

Summary A.2 Vector detection in complex Gaussian noise

508

(1)

Estimation in Gaussian noise

509

(4)

Scalar estimation

509

(1)

Estimation in a vector space

510

(1)

Estimation in a complex vector space

511

(2)

Summary A.3 Mean square estimation in a complex vector space

513

(1)

Exercises

513

(3)

Appendix B Information theory from first principles

516

(30)

Discrete memoryless channels

516

(2)

Example B.1 Binary symmetric channel

517

(1)

Example B.2 Binary erasure channel

517

(1)

Entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information

518

(3)

Example B.3 Binary entropy

518

(3)

Noisy channel coding theorem

521

(5)

Reliable communication and conditional entropy

521

(1)

A simple upper bound

522

(1)

Achieving the upper bound

523

(1)

Example B.4 Binary symmetric channel

524

(1)

Example B.5 Binary erasure channel

525

(1)

Operational interpretation

525

(1)

Formal derivation of AWGN capacity

526

(3)

Analog memoryless channels

526

(1)

Derivation of AWGN capacity

527

(2)

Sphere-packing interpretation

529

(3)

Upper bound

529

(1)

Achievability

530

(2)

Time-invariant parallel channel

532

(1)

Capacity of the fast fading channel

533

(3)

Scalar fast fading channel

533

(2)

Fast fading MIMO channel

535

(1)

Outage formulation

536

(2)

Multiple access channel

538

(3)

Capacity region

538

(1)

Corner points of the capacity region

539

(1)

Fast fading uplink

540

(1)

Exercises

541

(5)

References

546

(8)

Index

554

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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communication

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials