Gambling as an Addictive Behaviour: Impaired

Volumes in this series present important research from major centres around the world in the basic sciences, both biological and behavioural, that have a bearing on the addictions. They also address the clinical and public health applications of such research. The series will cover alcohol, illicit drugs, psychotropics and tobacco. It is an important resource for clinicians, researchers and policy-makers. Book jacket.

John O'Connor is Senior Lecturer in the School of Medicine at Flinders University, Adelaide.

Preface

ix

Declaration

xi

Executive Summary

xiii

Glossary

xv

Foreword

xvii

List of Tables

xxv

List of Figures

xxvii

1 The Research Context

1

(21)

Contemporary Gambling Worldwide

1

(1)

Historical Themes

2

(5)

Definitions of Gambling

7

(1)

Legalised Forms of Gambling and their Consumption

8

(2)

Consumption of Gambling

9

(1)

Definitions: Excessive, Problem and Pathological Gambling

10

(3)

Excessive Gambling

10

(1)

Problem Gambling

11

(1)

Pathological Gambling

11

(2)

Measures of Excessive, Problem and Pathological Gambling

13

(2)

Prevalence of Problem Gambling

15

(1)

Risk Factors: Emerging Causal Themes

16

(4)

Access and Continuous Forms

17

(3)

Research Requirements

20

(2)

2 Research into Impaired Control of Gambling Behaviour, Definition and Measurement: Traditional Psychometric and Mathematical Psychology Approaches

22

(24)

Gambling as One of the Addictions

22

(3)

Problem Gambling as the Dependent Variable

25

(1)

Self-Control as the Dependent Variable in Problem Gambling Research

26

(2)

The Development of the Scale of Gambling Choices

28

(4)

Independent Confirmation of the Dimension of Self-Control of Gambling Behaviour

32

(1)

The Subjective Control Scale of Control Over Urges to Gamble

32

(2)

A Qualitative Study of Self-Control in Youth Gamblers

34

(4)

No Specific Limits (N = 3)

35

(2)

Target Limits (N = 12, plus N = 5 who revise limits once only)

37

(1)

Contingency Limits: Continually Revising or Setting Vague or Broad Limits (N = 14)

37

(1)

Emotions and the Ability to Self-Regulate Gambling

38

(1)

Reported Harmful Impacts and the Ability to Self-Regulate

38

(1)

The Relationship Between Impaired Control and Chasing

39

(2)

Impaired Control and Different Forms of Gambling

41

(2)

Progress in the Measurement and Definition of Impaired Control of Gambling Behaviour

43

(1)

The SGC 12-Items

44

(2)

Reliability

44

(1)

Validity

44

(2)

3 Impaired Control and its Relationship to other Variables Implicated in the Development of Pathological Gambling

46

(37)

Initial Thoughts on Modelling Impaired Self-Control: Key Variables

46

(1)

A Developmental Perspective on Impaired Control of Gambling

46

(3)

Psychosocial Maturity, Self-Regulation and Reported Harmful Impacts of Gambling

47

(2)

The Key Variables in Modelling Impaired Control

49

(32)

Gambling Involvement

49

(13)

Prior Mood and Emotion while Gambling

62

(5)

Personality

67

(1)

Alcohol

68

(6)

The Role of Cognitive Variables

74

(6)

The Role of Coping

80

(1)

A Conceptual Basis for Modelling Impaired Self-Control of Gambling

81

(2)

4 Models of Impaired Self-Control of Gambling

83

(17)

Empirical Model of EGM Play

83

(10)

Main Study (O'Connor et al., 2005)

85

(2)

Method

87

(1)

Materials

88

(1)

Descriptive Results for Main Variables

88

(1)

Summary of Regression Analyses

89

(1)

Critical Comment on Methodology

90

(1)

Discussion of Empirical Findings

91

(1)

Theoretical Speculations

92

(1)

Modelling Impaired Self-Control: A Model of Gambling Temptation – Restraint

93

(5)

Data Collection

95

(1)

Sample Characteristics

95

(3)

Discussion of the Two Approaches to Exploring Impaired Self-Control

98

(2)

5 Implications for Treatment Approaches to Problem Gambling Arising from the Model of Impaired Control

100

(7)

Do Existing Treatments Work? Conclusions from Treatment Literature Reviews

100

(1)

The Bio-psychosocial Model as a Basis for Treatment

101

(2)

Implications of the Model of Impaired Control for Treatment Methods

103

(2)

Implications for Treatment Goals

105

(2)

6 Implications for Harm Minimisation in the Management of Problem Gambling: Making Sense of "Responsible Gambling"

107

(17)

Harm Minimisation and Gambling

107

(11)

Educational Strategies

109

(2)

Preventing Problem Gamblers from Further Harm

111

(1)

Rendering the Process of Gambling Safer for all Consumers

112

(6)

Impaired Control of Regular Gamblers: A Social and Consumer Protection Issue

118

(6)

7 A Case Study of "Responsible Gambling" Strategies within a

Single Jurisdiction: Victoria, Australia

124

(1)

The Introduction of Gaming Machines

124

(3)

The Victorian Problem Gambling Services Strategy

127

(1)

Problem Gambling Community Education Campaigns

127

(2)

Direct Treatment Services

129

(4)

Harm Minimisation

133

(2)

Research

135

(1)

Victoria: A Successful Public Health Approach or a Failure of Consumer Protection?

136

(2)

8 Conclusions

138

(14)

Impaired Self-Control of Gambling

138

(2)

Measurement

138

(1)

Key Psychological Variables

139

(1)

Cognitions and Chasing

140

(1)

In the Present Context

140

(1)

On the Nature of Impaired Self-control of Gambling

140

(5)

Implications for Pathological Gambling

145

(2)

Implications for Problem Gambling Policy

147

(1)

Implications for Addiction

148

(4)

References

152

(21)

Index

173

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Gambling as an Addictive Behaviour: Impaired Control, Harm Minimisation, Treatment and Prevention

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials