Gastrointestinal Microbiology

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ISBN: 9780824726416 | 0824726413
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/5/2006

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Univ. of Turku, Finland. Supplies a comprehensive and current overview of every aspect of gastrointestinal microbiota. Topics include molecular ecology of the human intestinal microbiota, sampling microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract, immune modulations by the intestinal microbiota, and more. For gastroenterologists.

Preface

Contributors

xvii

Molecular Ecology of the Human Intestinal Microbiota

(24)

Kaouther Ben Amor

Elaine E. Vaughan

Introduction

(1)

GI-Tract Microbiota as Identified by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis

(3)

Fingerprinting Reveals Characteristics of the Microbiota

(2)

16S rRNA-Targeted Probes Quantify the GI-Tract Microbiota

(5)

New Molecular Diversity Approaches

(1)

Assessment of Microbiota Vitality and Metabolic Activity

(2)

Perspectives

(1)

References

(9)

Sampling Microbiota in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

(26)

Angele P. M. Kerckhoffs

Melvin Samsom

Gerard P. van Berge Henegouwen

Louis M. A. Akkermans

Vincent B. Nieuwenhuijs

Maarten R. Visser

Introduction

(3)

Esophagus: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques

(1)

Stomach: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques

(3)

Small Intestine: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques

(10)

Large Intestine: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques

(3)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

The Normal Microbiota of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: History of Analysis, Succession, and Dietary Influences

(24)

Anne L. McCartney

Glenn R. Gibson

Introduction

(1)

Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Humans

(2)

Acquisition of the Gut Microbiota

(1)

Composition of the Adult Fecal Microbiota Assessed by Culturing

(3)

Composition of the Adult Fecal Microbiota Assessed by Molecular Techniques

(10)

Investigations at the Subspecies Level

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

The Intestinal Microbiota of the Elderly

(18)

Fang He

Introduction

(1)

Colonization and Succession of Human Intestinal Microbiota with Age

(4)

Bifidobacteria in the Elderly

(9)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

Immune Modulation by the Intestinal Microbiota

(30)

Marie-Christiane Moreau

Introduction

(1)

Brief Review of the Intestinal Microbiota

(1)

Brief Review of Immune Responses

(2)

The Intestinal Immune System

(6)

Relationships Between the Intestinal Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota

103

(9)

Relationships Between the Peripheral Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota

112

(4)

Conclusion

116

(1)

References

117

(6)

Mucosal Interactions and Gastrointestinal Microbiota

123

(14)

Wai Ling Chow

Yuan-Kun Lee

Introduction

123

(1)

Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract

124

(3)

Microbiota and Gastrointestinal System

127

(2)

Development of GI Tract Normal Microbiota in Humans

129

(2)

Cross-Talk Between Bacteria and Intestinal Epithelial Cells

131

(1)

Conclusion

132

(1)

References

133

(4)

The Metabolism of Nutrients and Drugs by the Intestinal Microbiota

137

(18)

Barry R. Goldin

Introduction

137

(1)

General Metabolism and Function of the Microbiota

137

(1)

Nutrients and Dietary Plant Compounds

138

(4)

Intestinal Bacterial Metabolism of Host Endogenously Synthesized Compounds

142

(1)

Other Bacterial Reactions

143

(1)

Bacterial Intestinal Formation of Mutagens

144

(3)

Bacterial Intestinal Drug Metabolism

147

(3)

Conclusion

150

(1)

References

150

(5)

The Metabolism of Polyphenols by the Human Gut Microbiota

155

(14)

Max Bingham

Summary

155

(1)

Introduction

155

(1)

Types of Polyphenols and Microbial Metabolism

156

(1)

Phenolic Acids---Hydroxycinnamates and Hydroxybenzoates

157

(2)

Flavonoids

159

(3)

Anthocyanidins

162

(1)

Proanthocyanidins

163

(1)

Perspectives

163

(1)

References

164

(5)

Molecular Analysis of Host-Microbe Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract

169

(20)

Peter A. Bron

Willem M. de Vos

Michiel Kleerebezem

Introduction

169

(1)

Bacterial Responses to the Host

170

(6)

Insights from Genomics

176

(4)

In Situ Profiling of Transcription in the GI Tract

180

(2)

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

182

(1)

References

183

(6)

The Infant Intestinal Microbiota in Allergy

189

(18)

Pirkka V. Kirjavainen

Gregor Reid

Introduction

189

(1)

Allergies---An Overview

190

(1)

Allergy-Associated Compositional Characteristics of Infant Gut Microbiota

191

(3)

Interpreting the Gut Microbiota Characteristics

194

(4)

Conclusion

198

(1)

References

199

(8)

Probiotics: A Role in Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

207

(18)

Barbara Sheil

Jane McCarthy

Liam O'Mahony

Malik M. Anwar

Fergus Shanahan

Introduction

207

(1)

The Role of the Enteric Microbiota in the Normal Gut

208

(1)

The Importance of the Enteric Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

209

(2)

Probiotics

211

(2)

Efficacy of Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

213

(5)

Discussion

218

(1)

References

219

(6)

The Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Cancer

225

(12)

Patricia M. Heavey

Ian R. Rowland

Joseph J. Rafter

Introduction

225

(1)

The Stomach

226

(2)

The Large Intestine

228

(2)

Surrogate Markers for Diet-Related Colon Cancer Studies

230

(3)

Conclusion

233

(1)

References

234

(3)

In Vitro Methods to Model the Gastrointestinal Tract

237

(16)

Harri Makivuokko

Paivi Nurminen

Introduction

237

(1)

Types of Intestinal Simulator Models

237

(7)

Simulating the Rumen

244

(6)

Conclusion

250

(1)

References

250

(3)

Animal Models for the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

253

(20)

Anders Henriksson

Introduction

253

(3)

Animal Models Used for Studies on the Human GI Microbiota

256

(9)

Conclusion

265

(1)

References

265

(8)

Born Germ-Free---Microbial Dependent

273

(12)

Elisabeth Norin

Tore Midtvedt

Introduction

273

(1)

Terminology

274

(1)

Germ-Free Animals and Dietary Requirements

274

(1)

Intestinal Microbiota, Gross Anatomy, Histology, and Motility

275

(1)

Biochemical Functions and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota

276

(3)

Immunology and Germ-Free Life

279

(2)

Conclusion

281

(1)

References

281

(4)

Modifying the Human Intestinal Microbiota with Prebiotics

285

(30)

Ross Crittenden

Martin J. Playne

Introduction

285

(1)

Why Modify the Intestinal Microbiota?

285

(1)

The Prebiotic Strategy to Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota

286

(1)

A Brief History of the Development of Bifidus Factors and Prebiotics

287

(2)

Currently Available Prebiotic Carbohydrates

289

(1)

Modifying the Intestinal Bifidobacterium Population

290

(4)

Synbiotics

294

(1)

Mechanisms of the Bifidogenic Effect

295

(1)

Advantages of the Prebiotic Strategy

295

(5)

Disadvantages of the Prebiotic Approach

300

(1)

Safe Dosage Levels

300

(1)

Conclusion and Future Directions

300

(2)

References

302

(13)

Modifying the Gastrointestinal Microbiota with Probiotics

315

(20)

Chandraprakash D. Khedkar

Arthur C. Ouwehand

Introduction

315

(1)

Probiotics

316

(1)

Proposed Health Benefits of Probiotics

317

(5)

Modifying Intestinal Microbiota Composition Through Intake of Probiotics

322

(2)

Modifying the Microbial Metabolic Activity

324

(3)

Conclusion

327

(1)

References

327

(8)

Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota with Antibiotics

335

(36)

Asa Sullivan

Carl Erik Nord

Introduction

335

(1)

Antimicrobial Agents That Inhibit the Synthesis of the Bacterial Cell Wall---β-Lactam Antibiotics

336

(12)

Other Agents with Inhibitory Effect on the Synthesis of the Cell Wall---Glycopeptides

348

(1)

Antimicrobial Agents Interfering with the Synthesis of Proteins

349

(6)

Agents Blocking the Metabolism of Folic Acid

355

(1)

Antimicrobial Agents That Interfere with the Synthesis of DNA

355

(7)

Conclusion

362

(1)

References

362

(9)

The Intestinal Microbiota of Pets: Dogs and Cats

371

(10)

Minna Rinkinen

Introduction

371

(1)

Development of Intestinal Microbiota in Dogs and Cats

371

(1)

Canine and Feline Gastrointestinal Microbiota

372

(3)

Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota: Pre- and Probiotics

375

(1)

Conclusion

376

(1)

References

376

(5)

The Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Farm Animals

381

(20)

Alojz Bomba

Zuzana Jonecova

Sona Gancarcikova

Radomira Nemcova

Introduction

381

(1)

Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Farm Animals

382

(5)

Influencing the Ecosystem of the Digestive Tract in Farm Animals

387

(6)

The Use of Gnotobiotic Animals in Studies of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Farm Animals

393

(2)

Conclusion

395

(1)

References

395

(6)

Index

401

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Gastrointestinal Microbiology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials