Genetically Engineered Crops: Interim

Take a closer look at the questions surrounding the long-term impact of GE crops Genetically Engineered Crops examines current controversies surrounding the potential health, environmental, and social impacts of plants produced using molecular biology techniques. Educators, professionals, and practitioners representing a wide range of disciplines, including plant biotechnology, environmental health risk assessment, law, food safety assessment, and bio safety, address the uncertainties of the science, biological risks, national and international governance issues in North and South America, Europe, and Africa, and the need for full public understanding of genetically engineered crops. Proper regulation of food requires a broad understanding of the science and of varying public perceptions of the technology that will lead to effective governance. Genetically Engineered Crops examines ecological, health, and environmental concerns about crop genetic engineering, the need for precaution, biosafety, and liability, and the challenges faced in meeting the public's demands for proper understanding of the risks involved. With no worldwide framework for regulation in place and public concern about food safety growing, this vital book takes a closer look at the long-term impact of GE crops and their place in the future of agriculture. Genetically Engineered Crops examines: the laboratory hazards of gene splicing environmental releases of GEOs the loss of agrobiodiversity the ecological effects of HRCs ecological and environmental risk assessment of GE crops human health implications of GE foods allergenicity and toxicity the precautionary principle international trade and regulatory harm smart regulations” in Canada shortcomings in risk assessment liability and compensation and much more Genetically Engineered Crops is a vital reference resource for anyone working in the plant and crop sciences, the social sciences, national and international bioregulation, environmental law, and agribusiness.

About the Editor	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Introduction. Genetic Engineering of Crops: Science Meets Civil Society's Response	p. xxv
Abbreviations	p. xxxi
Science and the Future
The Birth of Synthetic Biology and the Genetic Mode of Production	p. 3
Biotechnology: Evolution or Revolution?	p. 4
First-Generation Fears About Gene Splicing: Laboratory Hazards	p. 7
Emerging Industrial Sectors	p. 9
Second-Generation Controversies: Environmental Releases of GEOs	p. 12
Third-Generation Biotech Controversies: Globalization	p. 16
Conclusion	p. 19
Controversy Around Terminology and Novelty: Engineered, Modified Biotechnology, and Transgenics	p. 23
The Classic Period	p. 24
Mother Nature's Genetic Engineer	p. 26
When in Doubt, Reach for Your Gun	p. 27
The Basic Toolkit	p. 27
Choosing Targets	p. 28
Round Two	p. 29
So Many Genes, So Much Time	p. 31
Conclusions	p. 35
Transgenic Crops, Agrobiodiversity, and Agroecosystem Function	p. 37
Biotechnology and the Loss of Agrobiodiversity	p. 40
Ecological Effects of Hrcs	p. 43
Ecological Risks of Bt Crops	p. 46
General Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 50
Ecological Risk Assessment of GE Crops: Getting the Science Fundamentals Right	p. 57
Environmental Risk Assessment for Ge Crops	p. 59
What Can We Learn from the Longer History of Classical Biological Control?	p. 66
Conclusion	p. 70
Coping with Uncertainty: The Human Health Implications of GE Foods	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Food Is a Drug	p. 76
Using Toxicology and Epidemiology to Evaluate Food Safety	p. 77
Substantial Equivalence and Its Consequences	p. 78
Nutrition	p. 79
Allergenicity	p. 81
Toxicity	p. 84
Conclusion	p. 86
Future Research Tackling the Technology Divide: A Research Agenda for Crop Biotechnology	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
The Current State of Affairs: Crisis in Governments, Markets, Civil Societies, and Science and Agriculture	p. 92
Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture	p. 95
Seven Persistent Ethical Problems of Biotechnology	p. 96
Research Agendas of Natural and Social Sciences (Beta-Gamma Interaction): Tackling the Problems	p. 102
Conclusion	p. 106
Next Challenges for Crop GE: Maturing of Governance and Moves Beyond Food Issues	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
What Can Plants Do for Us?	p. 113
The Environmental Future	p. 117
The Industrial Incentive	p. 118
The Regulatory Future	p. 121
Aquaculture	p. 124
Forestry	p. 125
Environmental Remediation	p. 126
Issues in Current Governance
A Precautionary Framework for Biotechnology	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
The Debate About the Precautionary Principle	p. 135
Burden of Proof	p. 138
Standards of Safety	p. 144
Conclusion	p. 148
The Precautionary Principle and Biotechnology: Guiding a Public Interest Research Agenda	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
The Precautionary Principle	p. 155
Ethics	p. 156
Precautionary Research: A New Social Contract	p. 158
Public Money for Private Interest	p. 159
Public Interest Research	p. 162
Local to Global	p. 164
Legal Challenges	p. 167
Trade, Science, and Canada's Regulatory Framework for Determining the Environmental Safety of GE Crops	p. 173
Regulatory and Economic Uncertainty	p. 175
Market Disputes	p. 176
Canada's Risk-based Approach	p. 179
Herbicide-tolerant Canola	p. 185
Scientific Uncertainty and the Canadian Regulatory Framework	p. 185
International Trade and Regulatory Harmonization	p. 190
Smart Regulations	p. 196
Precaution and Science-based Regulations	p. 198
Conclusion	p. 201
Principles Driving U.S. Governance of Agbiotech	p. 207
No "Special Treatment"	p. 208
Invest in Research and Education	p. 216
Strong Property Rights	p. 220
Future Governance	p. 223
Conclusion	p. 224
Biotechnology Policy in the European Union	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Europe versus the European Union	p. 231
The Limited Importance of EE R&D Policy	p. 232
Overall Regulatory Approach	p. 234
Risk Assessment and Decision Making	p. 235
Directive 90/220/EEC-The Shortcomings of a Harmonization Tool	p. 237
Diverging Framings in GEO Risk Assessments	p. 238
European Publics: Reluctance and Diverging Attitudes Toward Biotechnology	p. 244
The New Regulatory Regime	p. 246
Conclusions	p. 253
Regulatory Regimes for GE Crops in Africa	p. 265
South Africa	p. 265
Kenya	p. 267
Egypt	p. 268
Other Countries	p. 269
GEO Research and Agribusiness in Brazil: Impact of the Regulatory Framework	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
The Brazilian Legal Framework for GM Crops	p. 275
Embrapa's Biosafety Network	p. 277
The Soybean Saga	p. 278
The Labeling Decree No. 4680	p. 279
The Cartagena Protocol	p. 279
Current GEO Labeling Legislation in Brazil	p. 280
Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods	p. 283
Environmental Impacts	p. 284
Final Considerations	p. 285
Toward a Liability and Compensation Regime under the Biosafety Protocol	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Suggestions for the Development of Biosafety Liability Rules	p. 291
Damage that Should Be Recoverable	p. 291
Remedies	p. 293
Conclusion	p. 297
Challenges to Civil Society
Public Spheres Pushing for Change: Public Participation in the Governance of GE Crops	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Genealogy of Public Debate	p. 308
Participation As Governance	p. 318
Institutional Arenas of Participatory Governance	p. 320
Extrainstitutional Arenas of Participatory Governance	p. 325
Conclusions	p. 333
Risky Delusions: Misunderstanding Science and Misperforming Publics in the GE Crops Issue	p. 341
Introduction	p. 341
Objects of Confusion-and Provocation	p. 345
Risk Assessment and Excluded Dimensions of "Uncertainty"	p. 350
From "Unknown Unknowns" to Known Uncertainties: A Tacit Culture of Control	p. 354
Confusions of Meaning: Constructing the Public by "Listening" to It	p. 359
Constructed Risk: Performing "Publics" and Externalizing Responsibility	p. 363
Conclusions: A Learning Science?	p. 366
Index	p. 373
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Genetically Engineered Crops: Interim Policies, Uncertain Legislation

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