Geochemistry
, by White, William M.
- ISBN: 9781119438052 | 1119438055
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 9/21/2020
A Comprehensive Introduction to the “Geochemist Toolbox” – the Basic Principles of Modern Geochemistry
In the new edition of William M. White’s Geochemistry, undergraduate and graduate students will find each of the core principles of geochemistry covered. From defining key principles and methods to examining Earth’s core composition and exploring organic chemistry and fossil fuels, this definitive edition encompasses all the information needed for a solid foundation in the earth sciences for beginners and beyond.
For researchers and applied scientists, this book will act as a useful reference on fundamental theories of geochemistry, applications, and environmental sciences. The new edition includes new chapters on the geochemistry of the Earth’s surface (the “critical zone”), marine geochemistry, and applied geochemistry as it relates to environmental applications and geochemical exploration.
● A review of the fundamentals of geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, trace element and organic geochemistry
● An introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and applications such as geologic time, ancient climates, and diets of prehistoric people
● Formation of the Earth and composition and origins of the core, the mantle, and the crust
● New chapters that cover soils and streams, the oceans, and geochemistry applied to the environment and mineral exploration
In this foundational look at geochemistry, new learners and professionals will find the answer to the essential principles and techniques of the science behind the Earth and its environs.
WILLIAM M. WHITE received his B.Sc. in Geology from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island. He is a professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University where he teaches geochemistry. He has been elected a fellow at the Geochemical Society/European Association of Geochemistry and the AGU and named as an ISI highly cited researcher.
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Beginnings
1.3 Geochemistry in the 21st Century
1.4 The Philosophy of Science
1.4.1 Building scientific understanding
1.4.2 The scientist as skeptic
1.5 Elements, Atoms, crystals and Chemical Bonds: Some Chemical Fundamentals
1.5.1 The periodic table
1.5.2 Electrons and orbits
1.5.3 Some chemical properties of the elements
1.5.4 Chemical bonding
1.5.5 Molecules, crystals, and minerals
1.6 A Brief Look at the Earth
1.6.1 Structure of the Earth
1.6.2 Plate tectonics and the hydrologic cycle
1.7 A Look Ahead
Chapter 2 Energy, entropy and fundamental thermodynamic concepts
2.1 The Thermodynamic Perspective
2.2 Thermodynamic Systems And Equilibrium
2.2.1 Fundamental thermodynamic variables
2.2.2 Properties of state
2.3 Equations Of State
2.3.1 Ideal gas law
2.3.2 Equations of state for real gases
2.4 Temperature, Absolute Zero, And The Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics
2.5 Energy And The First Law Of Thermodynamics
2.5.1 Energy
2.5.2 Work
2.6 The Second Law And Entropy
2.6.1 Statement
2.6.2 Statistical mechanics: a microscopic perspective of entropy
2.6.3 Integrating factors and exact differentials
2.7 Enthalpy
2.8 Heat Capacity
2.8.1 Constant volume heat capacity
2.8.2 Constant pressure heat capacity
2.8.3 Energy associated with volume and the relationship between Cv and Cp
2.8.4 Heat capacity of solids: a problem in quantum physics
2.8.5 Relationship of entropy to other state variables
2.8.6 Additive nature of silicate heat capacities
2.9 The Third Law And Absolute Entropy
2.9.1 Statement of the third law
2.9.2 Absolute entropy
2.9 Calculating Enthalpy And Entropy Changes
2.9.1 Enthalpy changes due to changes in temperature and pressure
2.9.2 Changes in enthalpy due to reactions and change of state
2.9.3 Entropies of reaction
2.10 Free Energy
2.10.1 Helmholtz free energy
2.10.2 Gibbs free energy
2.10.3 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity
2.10.4 Temperature and pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy
2.11 The Maxwell Relations
2.12 Summary
Chapter 3 Solutions and Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phase Equilibria
3.2.1 Some definitions
3.2.2 The Gibbs phase rule
3.2.3 The Clapeyron equation
3.3 Solutions
3.3.1 Raoult’s Law
3.3.2 Henry’s Law
3.4 Chemical Potential
3.4.1 Partial molar quantities
3.4.2 Definition of chemical potential and relationship to Gibbs free energy
3.4.3 Properties of the chemical potential
3.4.4 The Gibbs-Duhem relation
3.4.5 Derivation of the phase rule
3.5 Ideal Solutions
3.5.1 Chemical potential in ideal solutions
3.5.2 Volume, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes in ideal solutions
3.6 Real solutions
3.6.1 Chemical potential in real solutions
3.6.2 Fugacities
3.6.3 Activities and activity coefficients
3.6.4 Excess functions
3.7 Electrolyte Solutions
3.7.1 The nature of water and water–electrolyte interaction
3.7.2 Some definitions and conventions
3.7.3 Activities in electrolytes
3.8 Ideal Solutions in Crystalline Solids and Their Activities
3.8.1 Mixing-on-site model
3.8.2 Local charge balance model
3.9 Equilibrium Constants
3.9.1 Derivation and definition
3.9.2 The Law of mass action
3.9.3 KD values, apparent equilibrium constants, and the solubility product
3.9.4 Henry’s Law and gas solubilities
3.9.5 Temperature dependence of equilibrium constant
3.9.6 Pressure dependence of equilibrium constant
3.10 Practical Approach to Electrolyte Equilibrium
3.10.1 Choosing components and species
3.10.2 Mass balance
3.10.3 Electrical neutrality
3.10.4 Equilibrium constant expressions
3.11 Oxidation and Reduction
3.11.1 Redox in aqueous solutions
3.11.2 Redox in magmatic systems
3.12 Summary
Chapter 4 Applications of thermodynamics to the Earth
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Activities in Non-Ideal Solid Solutions
4.2.1 Mathematical models of real solutions: Margules equations
4.3 Exsolution Phenomena
4.4 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
4.4.1 The thermodynamics of melting
4.4.2 Thermodynamics of phase diagrams for binary systems
4.4.3 Phase diagrams for multi-component systems
4.5 Geothermometry and Geobarometry
4.5.1 Theoretical considerations
4.5.2 Practical thermobarometers
4.6 Thermodynamic models of magmas
4.6.1 Structure of silicate melts
4.6.2 Magma solution models
4.7 Reprise: Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions
4.7.1 The Equation of state for water
4.7.2 Activities and mean ionic and single ion quantities
4.7.3 Activities in high ionic strength solutions
4.7.4 Electrolyte Solutions at elevated temperature and pressure
4.8 Summary
Chapter 5 Kinetics: The Pace of Things
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Reaction Kinetics
5.2.1 Elementary and overall reactions
5.2.2 Reaction mechanisms
5.2.3 Reaction rates
5.2.4 Rates of complex reactions
5.2.5 Steady state and equilibrium
5.3 Relationships between Kinetics and Thermodynamics
5.3.1 Principle of detailed balancing
5.3.2 Enthalpy and activation energy
5.3.3 Aspects of transition state theory
5.4 Diffusion
5.4.1 Diffusion flux and Fick’s Laws
5.4.2 Diffusion in multicomponent systems
5.4.3 Driving force and mechanism of diffusion
5.4.4 Diffusion in solids and the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient
5.4.5 Diffusion in liquids
5.4.6 Diffusion in porous media
5.5 Surfaces, Interfaces, and Interface Processes
5.5.1 The surface free energy
5.5.2 The Kelvin effect
5.5.3 Nucleation and crystal growth
5.5.4 Adsorption
5.5.5 Catalysis
5.6 Kinetics of Dissolution
5.6.1 Simple oxides
5.6.2 Silicates
5.6.3 Non-silicates
5.7 Diagenesis
5.7.1 Compositional gradients in accumulating sediment
5.7.2 Reduction of sulfate in accumulating sediment
5.8 summary
Chapter 6 Aquatic Chemistry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Acid–Base Reactions
6.2.1 Proton accounting, charge balance, and conservation equations
6.2.2 The carbonate system
6.2.3 Conservative and non-conservative ions
6.2.4 Total alkalinity and carbonate alkalinity
6.2.5 Buffer intensity
6.3 Complexation
6.3.1 Stability constants
6.3.2 Water-related complexes
6.3.3 Other complexes
6.3.4 Complexation in fresh waters
6.4 Dissolution And Precipitation Reactions
6.4.1 Calcium carbonate in ground and surface waters
6.4.2 Solubility of Mg
6.4.3 Solubility of SiO2
6.4.4 Solubility of Al(OH)3 and other hydroxides
6.4.5 Dissolution of silicates and related minerals
6.5 Clays And Their Properties
6.5.1 Clay mineralogy
6.5.2 Ion-exchange properties of clays
6.6 Mineral Surfaces And Their Interaction With Solutions
6.6.1 Adsorption
6.6.2 Development of surface charge and the electric double layer
6.7 Summary
Chapter 7 Trace Elements in Igneous Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Why care about trace elements?
7.1.2 What is a trace element?
7.2 Behavior of the Elements
7.2.1 Goldschmidt’s classification
7.2.2 The geochemical periodic table
7.3 Distribution of Trace Elements Between Coexisting Phases
7.3.1 The partition coefficient
7.4 Factors Governing the Value of Partition Coefficients
7.4.1 Temperature and pressure dependence of the partition coefficient
7.4.2 Ionic size and charge
7.4.3 Compositional dependency
7.4.4 Mineral–liquid partition coefficients for mafic and ultramafic systems
7.5 Crystal-Field Effects
7.5.1 Crystal field theory
7.5.2 Crystal field influences on transition metal partitioning
7.6 Trace Element Distribution During Partial Melting
7.6.1 Equilibrium or batch melting
7.6.2 Fractional melting
7.6.3 Zone refining
7.6.4 Multiphase solids
7.6.5 Continuous melting
7.6.6 Constraints on melting models
7.7 Trace Element Distribution during Crystallization
7.7.1 Equilibrium crystallization
7.7.2 Fractional crystallization
7.7.3 In situ crystallization
7.7.4 Crystallization in open system magma chambers
7.7.5 Comparing Partial Melting and Crystallization
7.8 Summary Of Trace Element Variations During Melting And Crystallization
Chapter 8 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Physics of the Nucleus and the Structure of Nuclei
8.2.1 Nuclear structure and energetics
8.2.2 The decay of excited and unstable nuclei
8.3 Basics of Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology
8.4 Decay Systems and Their Applications
8.4.1 Rb-Sr
8.4.2 Sm-Nd
8.4.3 Lu-Hf
8.4.4 Re-Os
8.4.5 La-Ce
8.4.6 U-Th-Pb
8.4.7 U and Th decay series isotopes
8.4.8 Isotopes of He and other rare gases
8.5 “Extinct” And Cosmogenic Nuclides
8.5.1 ”Extinct” radionuclides and their daughters
8.5.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides
8.5.3 Cosmic-ray exposure ages of meteorites
8.7 Summary
Chapter 9 Stable Isotope Geochemistry
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Scope of stable isotope geochemistry
9.1.2 Some definitions
9.2 Theoretical Considerations
9.2.1 Equilibrium isotope fractionations
9.2.2 Kinetic isotope fractionations
9.2.3 Mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations
9.2.4 Isotopic “Clumping”
9.3 Isotope Geothermometry
9.4 Isotopic Fractionation in the Hydrologic System
9.5 Isotopic Fractionation in Biological Systems
9.5.1 Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis
9.5.2 Nitrogen isotope fractionation in biological processes
9.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation by plants
9.5.4 Biological fractionation of sulfur isotopes
9.5.5 Isotopes and diet: you are what you eat
9.5.6 Isotopic “fossils” and the earliest life
9.6 Paleoclimatology
9.6.1 The marine Quaternary 18O record and Milankovitch cycles
9.6.2 The record in glacial ice
9.6.3 Soils and paleosols
9.7 Hydrothermal Systems and Ore Deposits
9.7.1 Water in Hydrothermal Systems
9.7.2 Water–rock ratios
9.7.3 Sulfur isotopes and ore deposits
9.8 Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotope Fractionation and the Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen
9.9 Stable Isotopes in the Mantle and Magmatic Systems
9.9.1 Stable isotopic composition of the mantle
9.9.2 Stable isotopes in crystallizing magmas
9.9.3 Combined fractional crystallization and assimilation
9.10 Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
9.10.1 Boron isotopes
9.10.2 Li isotopes
9.10.3 Calcium isotopes
9.10.4 Silicon isotopes
9.10.5 Iron isotopes
9.10.6 Mercury isotopes
9.11 Summary
Chapter 10 The Big Picture: Cosmochemistry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 In the Beginning ... Nucleosynthesis
10.2.1 Astronomical background
10.2.2 The polygenetic hypothesis of Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler and Hoyle
10.2.3 Cosmological nucleosynthesis
10.2.4 Nucleosynthesis in stellar interiors
10.2.5 Explosive nucleosynthesis
10.2.6 Nucleosynthesis in interstellar space
10.2.7 Summary
10.3 Meteorites: Essential Clues to the Beginning
10.3.1 Chondrites: the most primitive objects
10.3.2 Differentiated meteorites
10.4 Time and the Isotopic Composition of the Solar System
10.4.1 Meteorite ages
10.4.2 Cosmic ray exposure ages and meteorite parent-bodies
10.4.3 Asteroids as meteorite parent-bodies
10.4.3 Isotopic anomalies in meteorites
10.5 Astronomical and Theoretical Constraints on Solar System Formation
10.5.1 Evolution of young stellar objects
10.5.2 The condensation sequence
10.5.3 The solar system
10.5.4 Other solar systems
10.6 Building a Habitable Solar System
10.6.1 Summary of observations
10.6.2 Formation of the planets
10.6.3 Chemistry and history of the Moon
10.6.4 The giant impact hypothesis and formation of the Earth and the Moon
10.6.5 Tungsten isotopes and the age of the Earth
10.7 Summary
Chapter 11 Geochemistry Of The Solid Earth
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Earth’s Mantle
11.2.1 Structure of the mantle and geophysical constraints on mantle composition
11.2.2 Cosmochemical constraints on mantle composition
11.2.3 Observational constraints on mantle composition
11.2.4 Mantle mineralogy and phase transitions
11.3 Estimating Mantle and Bulk Earth Composition
11.3.1 Major element composition
11.3.2 Trace Element composition
11.3.3 Composition of the bulk silicate Earth
11.4 The Earth’s Core and Its Composition
11.4.1 Geophysical constraints
11.4.2 Cosmochemical constraints
11.4.3 Experimental constraints
11.5 Mantle Geochemical Reservoirs
11.5.1 Evidence from oceanic basalts
11.5.2 Evolution of the depleted MORB mantle
11.5.3 Evolution of mantle plume reservoirs
11.5.4 The subcontinental lithospheric mantle
11.6 The Crust
11.6.1 The oceanic crust
11.6.2 The continental crust
11.6.3 Growth of the continental crust
11.7 Subduction zone Processes
11.7.1 Major element composition
11.7.2 Trace element composition
11.7.3 Isotopic composition and sediment subduction
11.7.4 Magma genesis in subduction zones
11.8 Summary
Chapter 12 Organic Geochemistry, The Carbon Cycle, And Climate
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A Brief Biological Background
12.3 Organic Compounds and Their Nomenclature
12.3.1 Hydrocarbons
12.3.2 Functional groups
12.3.3 Short-hand notations of organic molecules
12.3.4 Biologically important organic compounds
12.4 The Chemistry of Life: Important Biochemical Processes
12.4.1 Photosynthesis
12.4.2 Respiration
12.4.3 The stoichiometry of life
12.5 Organic Matter in Natural Waters and Soils
12.5.1 Organic matter in soils
12.5.2 Dissolved organic matter in aquatic and marine environments
12.6 Chemical Properties of Organic Molecules
12.6.1 Acid–base properties
12.6.2 Complexation
12.6.3 Adsorption phenomena
12.7 Sedimentary Organic Matter
12.7.1 Preservation of organic matter
12.7.2 Diagenesis of marine sediments
12.7.3 Diagenesis of aquatic sediments
12.7.4 Summary of diagenetic changes
12.7.5 Biomarkers
12.7.6 Kerogen and bitumen
12.7.7 Isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter
12.8 Petroleum and Coal Formation
12.8.1 Petroleum
12.8.2 Compositional evolution of coal
12.9 The Carbon Cycle and Climate
12.9.1 Greenhouse energy balance
12.9.2 The exogenous carbon cycle
12.9.3 The deep carbon cycle
12.9.4 Evolutionary changes affecting the carbon cycle
12.9.5 The carbon cycle and climate through time
12.9.6 Fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change
12.10 Summary
Chapter 13 The Land Surface: Weathering, Soils, and Streams
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Redox in Natural Waters
13.2.1 Biogeochemical redox reactions
13.2.2 Eutrophication
13.2.3 Redox buffers and transition metal chemistry
13.3 Weathering, Soils, and Biogeochemical Cycling
13.3.1. Soil profiles
13.3.2 Chemical cycling in soils
13.3.3 Biogeochemical cycling
13.4 Weathering Rates
13.4.1 The in situ approach
13.4.2 The watershed approach
13.4.3 Factors controlling weathering rates
13.5 The Composition of Rivers
13.6 Continental Saline Waters
13.7 Summary
Chapter 14 The Ocean as a Chemical System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Some Background Oceanographic Concepts
14.2.1 Salinity, chlorinity, temperature and density
14.2.2 Circulation of the ocean and the structure of ocean water
14.3 The Composition of Seawater
14.3.1 Speciation in seawater
14.3.2 Conservative elements
14.3.3 Dissolved gases
14.3.4 Seawater pH and alkalinity
14.3.5 Carbonate dissolution and precipitation
14.3.5 Nutrient elements
14.3.6 Particle-reactive elements
14.3.7 The one-dimensional advection-diffusion model
14.4 Sources and Sinks of Dissolved Matter in Seawater
14.4.1 Residence time
14.4.2 The river and groundwater flux to the oceans
14.4.3 The hydrothermal flux
14.4.4 The atmospheric source
14.4.5 Sedimentary sinks and sources
14.5 Summary
Chapter 15 Applied Geochemistry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mineral Resources
15.2.1 Ore deposits: definitions and classification
15.2.2 Orthomagmatic ore deposits
15.2.3 Hydromagmatic ore deposits
15.2.4 Hydrothermal ore deposits
15.2.5 Sedimentary ore deposits
15.2.6 Weathering-related ore deposits
15.2.7 Rare Earth Ore Deposits
15.2.8 Geochemical exploration: finding future resources
15.3 Environmental Geochemistry
15.3.1 Eutrophication redux
15.3.2 Toxic metals in the environment
15.3.3 Acid deposition
15.4 Summary
Appendix
Index
What is included with this book?
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
Please wait while the item is added to your bag...
