Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9780415364218 | 0415364213
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/15/2005

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Building on the success of its 1993 predecessor, this 2nd edition of Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution has been thoroughly re-written, updated and extended into a complete and authoritative account of modern hydrogeochemistry.

List of Examples	p. XII
Notation	p. XV
Introduction to Groundwater Geochemistry	p. 1
Groundwater as drinking water	p. 1
Standards for drinking water	p. 1
Units of analysis	p. 3
Groundwater quality	p. 7
Sampling of groundwater	p. 10
Depth integrated or depth specific sampling	p. 10
Procedures for sampling of groundwater	p. 12
Chemical analysis of groundwater	p. 15
Field analyses and sample conservation	p. 15
Accuracy of chemical analysis	p. 17
Problems	p. 20
References	p. 21
From Rainwater to Groundwater	p. 23
The hydrological cycle	p. 23
The composition of rainwater	p. 26
Sources and transport of atmospheric pollutants	p. 31
Stable isotopes in rain	p. 31
Isotopic ratios and the [delta] notation	p. 32
The Rayleigh process	p. 33
The isotopic composition of rain	p. 37
Dry deposition and evapotranspiration	p. 41
Mass balances and ecosystem dynamics	p. 46
Water quality profiles in the unsaturated soil	p. 49
Overall controls on water quality	p. 51
Problems	p. 58
References	p. 59
Flow and Transport	p. 63
Flow in the unsaturated zone	p. 63
Flow in the saturated zone	p. 64
Darcy's law	p. 64
Flowlines in the subsoil	p. 67
Effects of non-homogeneity	p. 70
The aquifer as a chemical reactor	p. 71
Dating of groundwater	p. 72
Retardation	p. 75
The retardation equation	p. 76
Indifferent and broadening fronts	p. 79
Sharpening fronts	p. 82
Solid and solute concentrations	p. 84
Diffusion	p. 86
Diffusion coefficients	p. 87
Diffusion as a random process	p. 89
Diffusive transport	p. 93
Isotope diffusion	p. 96
Dispersion	p. 99
Column breakthrough curves	p. 102
Dispersion coefficients and dispersivity	p. 105
Macrodispersivity	p. 107
Problems	p. 113
References	p. 115
Minerals and Water	p. 119
Equilibria and the solubility of minerals	p. 119
Corrections for solubility calculations	p. 123
Concentration and activity	p. 123
Aqueous complexes	p. 127
Combined complexes and activity corrections	p. 128
Calculation of saturation states	p. 131
Mass action constants and thermodynamics	p. 132
The calculation of mass action constants	p. 132
Calculation of mass action constants at different temperature	p. 133
Equilibrium calculations with PHREEQC	p. 135
Speciation calculations using PHREEQC	p. 135
The PHREEQC database	p. 137
Mineral equilibration	p. 141
Solid solutions	p. 142
Basic theory	p. 142
The fractionation factor for solid solutions	p. 148
Kinetic effects on the fractionation factor	p. 149
Kinetics of geochemical processes	p. 152
Kinetics and equilibrium	p. 152
Chemical reactions and rates	p. 153
Temperature dependency of reaction rates	p. 159
Mechanisms of dissolution and crystallization	p. 160
Rate laws for mineral dissolution and precipitation	p. 162
Problems	p. 169
References	p. 171
Carbonates and Carbon Dioxide	p. 175
Carbonate minerals	p. 176
Dissolved carbonate equilibria	p. 178
The carbonic acid system	p. 179
Determining the carbonate speciation in groundwater	p. 183
Carbon dioxide in soils	p. 186
Calcite solubility and [characters not reproducible]	p. 191
Calcite dissolution in systems open and closed for CO[subscript 2] gas	p. 193
Two field examples	p. 195
Carbonate rock aquifers	p. 197
Dolomite and dedolomitization	p. 201
Pleistocene carbonate aquifers	p. 205
Kinetics of carbonate reactions	p. 210
Dissolution	p. 210
Precipitation	p. 217
Carbon isotopes	p. 218
Carbon-13 trends in aquifers	p. 221
[superscript 14]C and groundwater age	p. 226
Retardation by sorption and stagnant zone diffusion	p. 228
Problems	p. 232
References	p. 236
Ion Exchange	p. 241
Cation exchange at the salt/fresh water interface	p. 242
Adsorbents in soils and aquifers	p. 247
Clay minerals	p. 248
Exchange equations	p. 251
Values for exchange coefficients	p. 254
Calculation of exchanger composition	p. 255
Calculation of exchanger composition with PHREEQC	p. 257
Determination of exchangeable cations	p. 260
Chromatography of cation exchange	p. 262
Field examples of freshening	p. 263
Salinity effects on cation exchange	p. 268
Quality patterns with salinization	p. 271
Fronts and chromatographic sequences	p. 272
Modeling chromatographic sequences with PHREEQC	p. 275
Physical non-equilibrium	p. 283
Modeling stagnant zones	p. 285
The Gouy-Chapman theory of the double layer	p. 288
Numerical integration of the double layer equations	p. 293
Practical aspects of double layer theory	p. 296
Irrigation water quality	p. 299
Problems	p. 303
References	p. 306
Sorption of Trace Metals	p. 311
The origin and occurrence of heavy metals in groundwater	p. 311
Sorption isotherms and distribution coefficients	p. 315
Distribution coefficients from ion exchange	p. 318
Variable charge surfaces	p. 322
Titration curves with suspended oxide particles	p. 322
Surface charge and point of zero charge, PZC	p. 324
Sorption edges	p. 328
Sorption, absorption, and coprecipitation	p. 333
Surface complexation	p. 334
Surface complexation models	p. 338
The ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)[subscript 3]) database	p. 340
Diffuse double layer concentrations in surface complexation models	p. 343
Complexation to humic acids	p. 344
The ion association model	p. 346
Tipping and Hurley's discrete site model "WHAM"	p. 348
Distribution models	p. 354
Humic acids as carriers of trace elements	p. 356
Kinetics of surface complexation	p. 358
Extrapolation of adsorption kinetics for other metal ions	p. 363
Field applications	p. 363
Problems	p. 367
References	p. 369
Silicate Weathering	p. 375
Weathering processes	p. 375
The stability of weathering products	p. 380
Incongruent dissolution of primary silicates	p. 383
The mass balance approach to weathering	p. 389
Kinetics of silicate weathering	p. 395
Field weathering rates	p. 400
Acid groundwater	p. 404
Buffering processes in aquifers	p. 405
Problems	p. 410
References	p. 412
Redox Processes	p. 415
Basic theory	p. 415
The significance of redox measurements	p. 420
Redox reactions and the pe concept	p. 422
Redox diagrams	p. 423
Stability of water	p. 424
The stability of dissolved species and gases: Arsenic	p. 425
The stability of minerals in redox diagrams	p. 432
Sequences of redox reactions and redox zoning	p. 438
Decomposition of organic matter	p. 442
Oxygen consumption	p. 446
Pyrite oxidation	p. 450
Kinetics of pyrite oxidation	p. 450
Oxygen transport and pyrite oxidation	p. 453
Nitrate reduction	p. 458
Nitrate reduction by organic matter oxidation	p. 459
Nitrate reduction by pyrite and ferrous iron	p. 462
Iron reduction and sources of iron in groundwater	p. 465
Iron in aquifer sediments	p. 465
Reductive dissolution of iron oxides	p. 466
Sulfate reduction and iron sulfide formation	p. 472
The formation of iron sulfides	p. 476
The formation of methane	p. 477
Problems	p. 479
References	p. 480
Pollution by Organic Chemicals	p. 489
Gas-water exchange	p. 489
Evaporation of a pure organic liquid	p. 494
Transport of pure organic liquids through soil	p. 496
Sorption of organic chemicals	p. 499
Sorption of charged organic molecules	p. 504
Sorption in stagnant zones	p. 506
Release from stagnant zones and blobs	p. 510
Transformation reactions of organic chemicals	p. 516
Monod biotransformation kinetics	p. 518
Kinetic complexation of heavy metals on organics	p. 529
Problems	p. 535
References	p. 537
Numerical Modeling	p. 541
Numerical modeling of transport	p. 543
Only diffusion	p. 543
Advection and diffusion/dispersion	p. 550
Non-linear reactions	p. 558
Examples of hydrogeochemical transport modeling	p. 560
Tritium-Helium age dating	p. 561
Toluene degradation in an aquifer	p. 565
Remediation of a BTEX polluted site	p. 568
Acid drainage from a Uranium mine	p. 570
In-situ iron removal from groundwater	p. 579
Arsenic in Bangladesh groundwater	p. 585
Fractionation of isotopes	p. 590
References	p. 595
Hydrogeochemical Modeling with Phreeqc	p. 599
Answers to Problems	p. 617
Index	p. 635
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Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, Second Edition

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