Geographies of Health : An Introduction

This revised second edition highlights the ways in which health may be studied from geographical perspectives, setting out the debates and reviewing the evidence that links health outcomes with social and physical environments. Introduces the reader to relevant theoretical perspectives, methodologies, and research Provides new examples from a range of geographical settings Provides an extensive revision to the first edition, emphasizing contemporary concerns such as globalization, neighbourhood health, and obesity Pays greater attention to the US health care system, mental health, health of older adults, disease ecology and re-emerging diseases, health in developing world, and children's and women's health

Anthony C. Gatrell is Dean of the School of Health and Medicine and Professor of the Geography of Health at Lancaster University. His publications include Distance and Space: A Geographical Perspective (1983), Interactive Spatial Data Analysis (with Trevor Bailey) (1995), GIS and Health (edited with Markku Löytönen) (1998), and Geographies of Health (Blackwell, 2001).

Susan J. Elliott is Professor of Geography at McMaster University. She has published extensively in the area of effects on individual and community health of environmental exposures and was recently appointed to the United Nations University International Network on Water, Environment and Health.

List of Figures
List of Tables
Figure Sources
Preface
Describing and Explaining Health in Geographical Settings
Introducing Geographies of Health
Health and Geography: Some Fundamental Concepts
Concepts of health
Geographical concepts
Geographies of Health: Five Case Studies
Asthma in New York
Area effects on smoking in disadvantaged communities in Glasgow
The changing political economy of sex in South Africa
The personal significance of home
Embodied spaces of health and medical information on the Internet
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Explaining Geographies of Health
Positivist Approaches to the Geography of Health
Positivist explanation
Further examples of positivist approaches
Social Interactionist Approaches to the Geography of Health
Social interactionist explanation
Further examples of social interactionist approaches
Structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health
Structuralist explanation
Further examples of structuralist or conflict-based approaches
Structurationist Approaches to the Geography of Health
Structurationist explanation
Further examples of structurationist approaches
Post-structuralist Approaches to the Geography of Health
Post-structuralist explanation
Further examples of post-structuralist approaches
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Method and Technique in the Geography of Health
öMappingö the Geography of Health: Quantitative Approaches
Visualization
Exploratory spatial data analysis
Modeling health data in a spatial setting
Geographical information systems and health
Interpreting the Geography of Health: Qualitative Approaches
Interviews
Focus groups
Other qualitative methods
Qualitative data analysis
Rigor in qualitative research
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Health and the Social Environment
Inequalities in Health Outcomes
Patterns of Inequality
Health inequalities: international comparisons
One Europe or many?
Health inequalities: regional and class divides
Explaining Inequalities in Health Outcomes
The programming hypothesis and the life course
Behavioral (lifestyle) factors
Social and community influences
Working conditions and local environments
Material deprivation and health
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Inequalities in the Provision and Utilization of Health Services
Principles of Health Service Delivery
Levels of health care provision
Geographies of rationing
Efficiency and equity
The need for health care
Inequalities in the Provision of Health Services
Health care provision in developing countries
Health care provision in the developed world
Utilization of Services
Use of primary health care services
Use of secondary and tertiary health care services
Do Provision and Utilization Affect Outcome?
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
People on the Move: Migration and Health
Impact of Migration on Health
Migration and stress
The health of refugees
The impact of migration on the spread of disease
Migration and the incidence of disease and ill-health
Impact of Health Status on Migration
The selectivity of migration
Migration for health care and social support
The Relationship between Migration and the Delivery of Health Services
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Health and Human Modification of the Environment
Air Quality and Health
Types of Pollutants
Area Sources
Radon
Ozone
Linear Sources
Point Sources
Point sources in the developing world
Point sources in the developed world
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Water Quality and Health
Water-borne Diseases
Cholera
Schistosomiasis
Gastroenteritis
Water Hardness
Chemical Contamination of Drinking Water
Aluminium, fluoride and arsenic
Other Forms of Contamination
Hazardous waste sites
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Health Impacts of Global Environmental Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion and skin cancer
Other health impacts of ozone depletion
Global Climate Change
Direct effects: thermal stress
Indirect effects
Impacts on infectious
Other health effects of climate change
Health Effects of Other Global Environmental Change
Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Conclusions: Emerging Themes in Geographies of Health
The Macro-scale: Health and the ôGlobalö
The Meso-scale
The Micro-scale
References
Appendix: Web-based Resources for the Geographies of Health
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Geographies of Health : An Introduction

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials