Geotechnical Correlations for Soils and Rocks

The modelling tools for soils and rocks require more and more specific parameters not always available from the standard or usual survey campaigns, this generally for reasons of delay or costs. The use of correlations to solve the gap between available parameters and the required ones is a common practice. Many of them exist but are spread throughout numerous papers or books. The aim of this formulary is to provide a large synthesis of the existing correlations accumulated by the authors during more than 40 years academic and consulting careers.

Christian Schroeder, Université libre de Bruxelles and University of Liège, Belgium.

Acknowledgements xi

Preface xiii

Chapter 1. Physical Parameters 1

1.1. Unit weights and volumes 1

1.2. Soil behavior type index and soil classification index 3

1.3. Consistency or Atterberg limits 3

1.4. Consistency and liquidity indices 4

1.5. Rigidity index 5

1.6. Relative density of sands 5

1.7. Wave velocity 7

1.8. Cation exchange capacity 8

Chapter 2. Identification of Soil Types 11

2.1. From identification tests 11

2.2. From cone soil index ∗ IC 12

2.3. From CPT 12

2.4. From PMT 15

2.5. From SPT 17

2.6. From DMT 18

Chapter 3. Hydraulic Parameters 21

3.1. Hydraulic conductivity 21

3.2. Water storage capacity 23

3.2.1. For a free water table 23

3.2.2. For a confined aquifer 24

Chapter 4. Strength Parameters of Saturated and Dry Soils 25

4.1. Undrained shear strength and cohesion 25

4.1.1. From identification tests 25

4.1.2. From laboratory tests 26

4.1.3. From CPT 27

4.1.4. From PMT 28

4.1.5. From SPT 29

4.1.6. From SCPT 29

4.1.7. From DMT 30

4.1.8. From VST 30

4.1.9. Overconsolidated soils 31

4.1.10. Miscellaneous: peats and remolded soils 32

4.2. Effective cohesion 33

4.3. Internal friction angle 33

4.3.1. From identification tests 33

4.3.2. From CPT and CPTu 35

4.3.3. From SCPT 36

4.3.4. From PMT 36

4.3.5. From SPT 37

4.3.6. From DMT 38

4.3.7. Peak, critical state and residual friction angles 39

4.3.8. Influence of intermediate stress 40

4.4. The angle of dilatancy 41

4.5. Sensitivity 42

Chapter 5. Soil Deformations 43

5.1. Compression and swelling 43

5.1.1. Compression index 43

5.1.2. Constants of compressibility 47

5.1.3. Swelling index 48

5.2. Soil moduli 48

5.2.1. From CPT 49

5.2.2. From DMT 51

5.2.3. From SPT 52

5.2.4. From CBR 53

5.2.5. Influence of loading rate 54

5.3. Small strain modulus 54

5.4. Poisson’s ratio 58

5.5. Modulus of subgrade reaction 59

5.6. Resilient modulus 60

5.7. Collapse and expansion 60

Chapter 6. Soil State Parameters 63

6.1. Preconsolidation pressure 63

6.2. Overconsolidation ratio 66

Chapter 7. Consolidation 69

7.1. Primary consolidation coefficient 69

7.2. Secondary consolidation coefficient 70

7.3. Consolidation of peats 71

7.4. Degree of consolidation 72

Chapter 8. Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest 73

Chapter 9. Soil Compaction Tests 77

9.1. Proctor tests 77

9.1.1. Standard Proctor test 77

9.1.2. Modified Proctor test 78

9.2. CBR 79

Chapter 10. Unsaturated Soils 81

10.1. Suction 81

10.2. Bishop’s coefficient 83

10.3. Quasi-saturated domain 84

10.4. tress dependency of suction 84

10.5. Drying path of quasi-saturated soils 85

10.6. Capillary or apparent cohesion 86

10.7. Estimation of porosity and degree of saturation from compression wave velocity 87

Chapter 11. Cross Relations between In Situ Test Parameters 89

11.1. CPT 89

11.1.1. Correction factors and correlations between different CPT tests or parameters 89

11.1.2. CPT and DPT 91

11.1.3. CPT and PMT 92

11.1.4. CPT and DMT 93

11.1.5. CPT and SPT 94

11.2. MT 97

11.2.1. MT and DPT 97

11.2.2. MT and DMT 98

11.2.3. MT and SPT 98

11.3. DMT 99

11.3.1. DMT and SPT 99

11.4. SPT 100

11.4.1. SPT and DPT 100

11.5. PANDA dynamic penetration test 100

11.5.1. PANDA and CPT 100

11.5.2. PANDA and DPT 101

11.5.3. PANDA and PMT 101

11.5.4. PANDA and VST 101

Chapter 12. Rocks 103

12.1. Introduction 103

12.2. Fundamental properties of intact minerals 106

12.3. Rock material (rm) 108

12.3.1. UCS 109

12.3.2. Abrasiveness 117

12.3.3. Attrition 119

12.3.4. Polished stone value (PSV) 122

12.4. Rock masses (RMs) 124

12.4.1. Shear strength of discontinuities 124

12.4.2. RM classification systems 126

Chapter 13. Usual Values of Soils and Rock Parameters 141

13.1. Physical parameters 141

13.1.1. Plasticity, unit weights and porosity 141

13.1.2. Consistency and related strength parameters 142

13.1.3. Soil indices 142

13.1.4. Soil and rock resistivity 143

13.1.5. Wave velocity 143

13.1.6. Clay minerals and CEC 144

13.2. Hydraulic parameters 144

13.2.1. Hydraulic conductivity 144

13.2.2. Water storage capacity 145

13.3. Strength parameters 145

13.4. Deformation parameters 145

13.4.1. Compression index 145

13.4.2. Soil modulus 146

13.4.3. Poisson’s ratio 146

13.4.4. mall strain modulus 147

13.5. Consolidation parameters 147

13.5.1. Primary consolidation 147

13.6. In situ test parameters 148

13.6.1. CPT 148

13.6.2. MT 148

13.6.3. DMT 149

13.6.4. SPT 149

13.7. Rock parameters 149

13.7.1. Rock materials 150

13.7.2. Rock masses 153

List of Symbols 159

List of Equations 169

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 173

Bibliography 177

Index 205

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