German Expressionism

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ISBN: 9780520202641 | 0520202643
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/1993

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German Expressionism, one of the most significant movements of early European modernism, was an enormously powerful element in Germany's cultural life from the end of the Wilhelmine Empire to the Third Reich. While the movement embraced such diverse artists as E. L. Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Kauml;the Kollwitz, and George Grosz, all the participants shared an almost messianic belief in the power of art to change society. Rose-Carol Washton Long has drawn together over eighty documents crucial to the understanding of German Expressionism, many of them translated for the first time into English.

Illustrations

Photo Credits

xiv

Acknowledgments

Introduction

xix

PART ONE: Early Manifestations

I First Identifiers

Introduction

(2)

``Quonsque Tandem,'' from A Protest of German Artists, 1911

(4)

Carl Vinnen

``The Historical Development of Modern Art,'' The Struggle for Art: The Answer to the ``Protest of German Artists,'' 1911

(4)

Wilhelm Worringer

``The Expressionists,'' Der Sturm, 1912

(3)

Paul Ferdinand Schmidt

``Foreword,'' International Exhibition of the Sonderbund, Cologne, 1912

(2)

Richart Reiche

``Cubists and Expressionism,'' Pan, 1912

(4)

Max Deri

II The Brucke

Introduction

(1)

program of the artist group, Brucke, 1906; ``Chronicle of the Brucke,'' 1913; letter to Erich Heckel and Max Pechstein, March 31, 1910; letters to Gustav Schiefler, June 27, 1911 and March 16, 1913

(5)

E. L. Kirchner

postcard to Cuno Amiet, January 8, 1909, and letter to Gustav Schiefler, ca. 1913

(2)

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff

letters to Franz Marc, Spring 1912 to Winter 1912/13

(4)

Erich Heckel

``What Is Picasso Up To?'', Pan, 1912

(4)

Max Pechstein

W. Heymann

III Neue Kunstler Vereinigung Munchen and the Blaue Reiter Introduction

(300)

``Foreword,'' Neue Kunstler Vereinigung exhibition catalogue, 1909--10, and untitled essay, The Struggle for Art: The Answer to the ``Protest of German Artists'', 1911

(3)

Wassily Kandinsky

letters, May 5, 1910, and August 13, 1911

(3)

Kubin-Kandinsky

Preface (not printed), ca. October 1911, for the Blaue Reiter almanac; and Franz Marc, subscription prospectus, January 1912, for the Blaue Reiter almanac

(4)

Wassily Kandinsky

Franz Marc

letter to Reinhard Piper, April 20, 1910, and to Wassily Kandinsky, October 5, 1912

(3)

Franz Marc

``Exhibition of the Modern League in the Zurich Kunsthaus,'' Die Alpen, 1912

(5)

Paul Klee

IV Der Sturm

Introduction

(1)

``Introduction,'' First German Autumn Salon, 1913, and letter from August Macke, April 21, 1913

(4)

Herwarth Walden

``German Expressionists, Lecture for the Opening of the New Sturm Exhibition,'' Der Sturm, 1914

(3)

Adolf Behne

from Der Sturm: An Introduction, 1917

(15)

Rudolf Blumner

Notes Part One

(10)

PART TWO: The Expansion of Expressionism

I German Criticism through World War I

Introduction

(1)

``Painters Build Barricades,'' Die Aktion, 1914

(3)

Ludwig Rubiner

from Der Expressionismus, 1914

(3)

Paul Fechter

``Expressionism,'' Der neue Standpunkt, 1916

(3)

Theodor Daubler

from Expressionismus, 1916

(4)

Hermann Bahr

``Art and the New Gnosis,'' Das Kunstblatt, 1917

(5)

G. F. Hartlaub

II Painting

Introduction

(1)

Essays by Franz Marc and Max Beckmann in Pan, 1912

(5)

``An Introduction to Painting the Metropolis,'' Kunst und Kunstler, 1914

101

(3)

Ludwig Meidner

``The Manifesto of Absolute Expressionism,'' Der Sturm, 1919

104

(5)

Johannes Molzahn

III Sculpture

Stephanie Barron

Introduction

108

(1)

excerpts from letters and diary, 1911--15

109

(4)

Ernst Barlach

from Negerplastik, 1915

113

(3)

Carl Einstein

``Expressionist Sculpture,'' 1917, and Oswald Herzog, ``Abstract Expressionism,'' Der Sturm, 1919

116

(3)

Rudolf Blumner

``On the Sculpture of E. L. Kirchner,'' Der Cicerone, 1925

119

(4)

L. de Marsalle

E. L. Kirchner

IV Expressionist Architecture

Rosemarie Haag Bletter

Introduction

122

(1)

``A Necessity,'' Der Sturm, 1914

123

(3)

Bruno Taut

from Glass Architecture, 1914

126

(3)

Paul Scheerbart

from Alpine Architecture, 1919

129

(3)

Bruno Taut

letter to Luise Mendelsohn, August 26, 1917, and extract from Arbeitsrat lecture, ``The Problem of a New Architecture,'' 1919

132

(3)

Erich Mendelsohn

From the Glass Chain letters: Bruno Taut, November 24, 1919; Paul Goesch, May 1920; Wenzil Hablik, July 22, 1920

135

(6)

V Printmaking

Ida Katherine Rigby

Introduction

140

(1)

from The New German Print, 1920

141

(3)

Gustav Hartlaub

``On Kirchner's Prints,'' Genius, 1921

144

(3)

L. de Marsalle

E. L. Kirchner

``Kokoschka's Prints,'' Das graphische Jahrbuch, 1919

147

(2)

Paul Westheim

``Schmidt-Rottluff's Religious Woodcuts,'' Die Rote Erde, 1919

149

(2)

Rosa Schapire

``Max Beckmann's Hell,'' Der Cicerone, 1920

151

(11)

Paul F. Schmidt

Notes Part Two

154

(7)

PART THREE: War, Revolution, and Expressionism

I The War Experience

Ida Katherine Rigby

Introduction

161

(1)

letters from the front, 1914--15

162

(2)

Franz Marc

letter and diary entries, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1922

164

(4)

Kathe Kollwitz

``Military Hospital Orderly Felixmuller,'' Menschen, 1918

168

(2)

Conrad Felixmuller

``Hymn of Brotherly Love,'' from September-Cry, 1920

170

(4)

Ludwig Meidner

II Critics, Artists and the Revolution

Ida Katherine Rigby

Introduction

173

(1)

``To All Artists, Musicians, Poets,'' Das Kunstblatt, 1919

174

(2)

Ludwig Meidner

``Expressionism and Socialism,'' Neue Blatter fur Kunst und Dichtung, 1919

176

(3)

Herbert Kuhn

``The Socialist Nation and the Artist,'' An alle Kunstler!, 1919

179

(2)

Kurt Eisner

letter to Franz Pfemfert, November 23, 1918

181

(3)

Georg Tappert

Editorial, Menschen, 1919

184

(1)

diary entries, 1918, 1919, 1920

185

(3)

Kathe Kollwitz

``The Artists' Posters of the Revolutionary Days,'' Das Plakat, 1919

188

(4)

Hans Friedeberger

III Arbeitsrat fur Kunst

Introduction

191

(1)

Arbeitsrat fur Kunst program, 1918 and Bruno Taut, from An Architecture Program, 1919

192

(5)

Bruno Taut

``Architecture in a Free Republic,'' 1919; letters, to Dr. Walter Rathenau, February 23, 1919, to Ludwig Meidner, February 26, 1919; speech to the membership meeting of the Arbeitsrat, March 22, 1919

197

(4)

Walter Gropius

``Unknown Architects,'' Sozialistische Monatshefte, 1919; ``General Announcement'' from the flyer for the periodical Bauen, 1919

201

(5)

Adolf Behne

Questions from YES! Voices of the Arbeitsrat fur Kunst, and excerpts from the responses of Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and Georg Tappert, 1919

206

(5)

IV Novembergruppe

Ida Katherine Rigby

Introduction

210

(1)

Draft of the manifesto of the Novembergruppe, 1918; circular letter, 1918; guidelines, 1919

211

(3)

``What We Want,'' An alle Kunstler!, 1919

214

(2)

Max Pechstein

Guide to the Novembergruppe Art Exhibition, 1920

216

(3)

Peter Leu

``Open Letter to the Novembergruppe,'' 1920--21

219

(4)

V Dresden Secession Gruppe 1919

Peter Chametzky

Introduction

222

(1)

``Regulations,'' Dresden Secession, 1919 and statement of purpose, 1919

223

(2)

``The Journal 1919 Neue Blatter fur Kunst und Dichtung,'' and [Hugo Zehder?] and D. P. Shterenberg, ``A Call from Russian Artists,'' 1919

225

(4)

Hugo Zehder

statement of purpose for the journal Menschen, 1918, and ``The New World,'' Sezession Gruppe 1919, 1919

229

(3)

Walter Rheiner

``To Art,'' Die Schone Raritat, 1918

232

(1)

Conrad Felixmuller

letter to Kurt Gunther, ca. 1919

233

(2)

Otto Dix

``Prints of `Gruppe 1919' Dresden,'' Menschen, 1919

235

(11)

Will Grohmann

Notes Part Three

237

(8)

PART FOUR: Reactions to Expressionism

I The Weimar Bauhaus

Introduction

245

(1)

Bauhaus Program, 1919; speech to Bauhaus students, July 1919; [Anonymous], Bauhaus fund solicitation pamphlet, 1921

246

(6)

Walter Gropius

[Anonymous], ``The State Bauhaus in Weimar,'' supplement to the Thuringer Tageszeitung, 1920

252

(2)

``analyses of Old Masters,'' Utopia: Documents of Reality, 1921

254

(4)

Johannes Itten

letter to Otto Meyer, December 7, 1921; manifesto in the publicity pamphlet for the first Bauhaus exhibition in Weimar, 1923

258

(5)

Oskar Schlemmer

II Dada

Introduction

262

(1)

``Kandinsky,'' lecture, April 7, 1917

263

(3)

Hugo Ball

``Dada Manifesto'' [1918], Dada Almanach, 1920

266

(3)

Richard Huelsenbeck

``The German Philistine is Annoyed,'' Der Dada, December 1919

269

(3)

Raoul Hausmann

``Introduction,'' First International Dada Fair, 1920

272

(2)

Wieland Herzfelde

``My New Pictures,'' Das Kunstblatt, 1921

274

(3)

George Grosz

``Merz-Painting,'' Der Zweemann, 1919

277

(3)

Kurt Schwitters

III The Critics and the ``Demise'' of Expressionism

Introduction

279

(1)

``Art of this Moment,'' Der neue Merkur, 1919

280

(4)

Wilhelm Hausenstein

from Current Questions on Art, 1921

284

(3)

Wilhelm Worringer

``Expressionism Is Dying,'' Zenit, 1921

287

(3)

Iwan Goll

preface to catalogue of Neue Sachlichkeit exhibition, Mannheim, 1925

290

(2)

G. F. Hartlaub

from Post-Expressionism, Magic Realism: Problems of Recent European Painting, 1925

292

(5)

Franz Roh

IV Expressionism and the Third Reich

Ida Katherine Rigby

Introduction

296

(1)

excerpts from diaries and letters, 1933

297

(1)

Kathe Kollwitz

from Art and Race, 1928

298

(3)

Paul Schultze-Naumburg

``Revolution in the Visual Arts,'' Volkische Beobachter, 1933

301

(2)

A. Rosenberg

from Vital Questions about the Visual Arts, 1937

303

(2)

Robert Scholz

letter to the president of the Prussian Academy of Arts, 1937

305

(2)

Emil Nolde

Guide to the Degenerate Art Exhibition, 1937

307

(6)

Fritz Kaiser

V The Left and the Debate over Expressionism in the Thirties

Introduction

312

(1)

``Expressionism: Its Significance and Decline,'' Internationale Literatur, 1934

313

(4)

Georg Lukacs

``Gottfried Benn: History of an Aberration,'' Das Wort, 1937

317

(3)

Klaus Mann

``Vulgar Expressionism,'' Das Wort, 1938

320

(3)

Herwarth Walden

``Discussing Expressionism,'' Das Wort, 1938

323

(14)

Ernst Bloch

Notes Part Four

328

(9)

Index

337

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German Expressionism

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