Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System

, by Schulze; Heimann; Harrison; Holland; Lloyd; Prentice; Schimel

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ISBN: 9780126312607 | 0126312605
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/12/2001

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The interactions of biogeochemical cycles influence and maintain our climate system. Land use and fossil fuel emissions are currently impacting the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur on land, in the atmosphere, and in the oceans. This edited volume brings together 27 scholarly contributions on the state of our knowledge of earth system interactions among the oceans, land, and atmosphere. A unique feature of this treatment is the focus on the paleoclimatic and paleobiotic context for investigating these complex interrelationships. * Eight-page colour insert to highlight the latest research * A unique feature of this treatment is the focus on the paleoclimatic context for investigating these complex interrelationships.

Contributors

xiii

Foreword

Paul J. Crutzen

Preface

xvii

David Schimel

Introduction

Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions

(12)

E. D. Schulze

D. S. S. Schimel

Introduction

(1)

The IGBP Transect Approach

(3)

The Patagonian Transect

(2)

The Australian Transect

(1)

The European Transect

(1)

Variability in Processes

(4)

Biome Approach and Functional Types

(1)

New Approaches to Functional Diversity

(2)

Conclusions

(3)

References

(1)

Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions

(16)

L. Bengtsson

Introduction

(1)

Observational Evidence

(1)

Physical Rationale

(3)

Stochastic Forcing

(1)

Solar irradiation Changes

(1)

Volcanic Effects

(2)

Anthropogenic Effects

(1)

Response to Forcing of the Climate System

(3)

Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

(5)

References

(4)

Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System

(10)

G. P. Brasseur

E. A. H. Holland

Introduction

(1)

Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere

(1)

The IMAGES Model

(1)

Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere

(5)

Concluding Remarks

(2)

References

(2)

Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies

(20)

M. Raupach

Introduction

(2)

Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances

(4)

General Principles

(1)

Single-Point Eulerian Equations

(1)

Source Terms for CO2

(1)

Single-Point Lagrangian Equations

(2)

Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies

(6)

General Principles

(1)

Localized Near Field Theory

(1)

The Dispersion Matrix

(1)

Turbulent Velocity Field

(1)

Solutions for Forward, Inverse and Implicit Problems

(2)

Field Tests

(1)

Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies

(2)

Path Integrals and Keeling Plots

(1)

Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic Composition

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

(6)

Appendix A

(1)

Appendix B

(1)

References

(3)

Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate

(12)

M. Claussen

Introduction

(1)

Synergisms

(2)

High Northern Latitudes

(1)

Subtropics

(2)

Multiple Equilibria

(2)

Transient Interaction

(1)

Perspectives

(6)

References

(4)

Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective

(14)

J. E. Kutzbach

Michael T. Coe

S. P. Harrison

M. T. Coe

Introduction

(2)

Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing

(1)

Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon

(1)

Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon

(4)

Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere

(1)

The Role of Climate Variability

(2)

Final Remarks

(4)

References

(4)

Paleobiogeochemistry, I. C. Prentice

(28)

D. Raynaud

Introduction

(2)

Methane

(1)

Carbon Dioxide

(1)

Mineral Dust Aerosol

(1)

Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records

(1)

Methane

(1)

Carbon Dioxide

(1)

Mineral Dust Aerosol

(1)

Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry

(4)

References

(3)

Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO2 Concentrations?

J. Lloyd

M. I. Bird

E. M. Veenendaal

B. Kruijt

Introduction

(1)

Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics

(2)

Soil Organic Phosphorus

(1)

Soil Inorganic Phosphorus

(1)

Soil Carbon/Phosphorus Interactions

(1)

States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests

(5)

Inputs and Losses of Phosphorus Through Rainfall, Dry Deposition and Weathering: Losses Via Leaching

(2)

Internal Phosphorus Flows in Moist Tropical Forests

100

(2)

Mechanisms for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Low P Soils

102

(1)

Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles

103

(12)

To What Extent Does Phosphorus Availability Really Limit Moist Tropical Forest Productivity?

103

(1)

Tropical Plant Responses to Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

104

(1)

Using a Simple Model to Examine CO2/Phosphorus Interactions in Tropical Forests

105

(4)

References

109

(6)

Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion

115

(52)

S. Archer

T. W. Boutton

K. A. Hibbard

Introduction

115

(1)

Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas

116

(2)

The La Copita Case Study

118

(9)

Biogeographical and Historal Context

118

(1)

Herbaceous Retrogression and Soil Carbon Losses

118

(1)

Woody Plant Encroachment and Ecosystem Biogeochemistry

119

(8)

Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic

127

(1)

Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management

128

(1)

Summary

129

(10)

References

130

(9)

Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls

S. Jonasson

F.S. Chapin, III

G. R. Shaver

Introduction

139

(1)

Tundra Organic Matter

139

(3)

Distribution of Organic Matter

139

(2)

Patterns and Controls of Organic Matter Turnover between Ecosystem Types

141

(1)

Tundra Nutrients

142

(3)

Nutrient Distribution and Controls of Nutrient Cycling

142

(1)

Nutrient Mineralization and Plant Nutrient Uptake

142

(1)

Are there Unaccounted Plant Sources of Limiting Nutrients?

143

(2)

Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations

145

(3)

Applicability of Experimental Manipulations

145

(1)

Responses to Water Applications

145

(1)

Response to Nutrient Addition and Warming

145

(2)

Responses in Ecosystem Carbon Balance

147

(1)

Summary

148

(3)

References

148

(3)

Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer---Physics and Vegetation

F. M. Kelliher

J. Lloyd

C. Rebmann

C. Wirth

E. D. Schulze

D. D. Baldocchi

Introduction

151

(1)

Climate and Soil Water

152

(4)

Evaporation Theory

156

(2)

Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall

158

(2)

Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen

160

(2)

Conclusions

162

(5)

References

162

(5)

Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change

167

(10)

M. B. Davis

Introduction

167

(1)

Long-Distance Dispersal

168

(2)

Estimating Jump Distances

170

(1)

Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment

171

(1)

Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth

172

(1)

Conclusions

173

(4)

References

174

(3)

Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology

177

(8)

J. Schimel

Introduction

177

(1)

Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models

177

(1)

Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models

178

(1)

Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size

178

(2)

Microbial Recovery from Stress

180

(1)

Conclusions

181

(4)

References

182

(3)

The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool

185

(32)

M. I. Bird

H. Santruckova

J. Lloyd

E. M. Veenendaal

Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change

185

(1)

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon

186

(1)

Global Variations in the SOC Pool

187

(3)

The Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data

190

(1)

A Stratified Sampling Approach

191

(6)

Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld

197

(4)

References

197

(4)

Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter

G. Gleixner

C. Czimczik

C. Kramer

B. M. Luhker

M. W. I. Schmidt

Introduction

201

(1)

Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation

201

(7)

Formation and Decomposition of Biomass

201

(5)

The Influence of Environmental Conditions on SOM Formation

206

(1)

Formation of Black Carbon

206

(2)

Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter

208

(3)

Chemical Stability of Molecules

209

(1)

Stabilization of SOM by Interactions With the Soil Matrix

210

(1)

Biological Stabilization of Organic Matter in Soils

210

(1)

Turnover of Soil Organic Matter

211

(2)

Conclusion

213

(4)

References

213

(4)

Input/Output Balances and Nitrogen Limitation in Terrestrial Ecosystems

217

(10)

P. M. Vitousek

C. B. Field

Abstract

217

(1)

Long-term Nutrient Limitation

218

(1)

A Simple Model

219

(1)

Pathways of N Loss

219

(3)

Constraints to N Fixation

222

(1)

Conclusions

222

(5)

References

223

(4)

Interactions Between Hillslope Hydrochemistry, Nitrogen Dynamics and Plants in Fennoscandian Boreal Forest

227

(8)

P. Hogberg

Introduction

227

(1)

A Historical Perspective

227

(1)

Nitrogen Supply and Forest Productivity in a Landscape Perspective: Hypotheses

228

(2)

Interactions Between Hydrochemistry, N Dynamics and Plants at Betsele - a Model System

230

(1)

Experimental Evidence

231

(1)

Conclusions

232

(3)

References

232

(3)

The Cycle of Atmospheric Molecular Oxygen and its Isotopes

235

(10)

M. Heimann

Introduction

235

(1)

Molecular Atmospheric Oxygen

235

(5)

Overview

235

(1)

Measurement Techniques

236

(1)

Global Atmpospheric Trends in CO2 and O2

237

(1)

Seasonal Cycles and Mean Annual Spatial Gradients

238

(1)

Continental Dilution of The Oceanic O2 / N2 Signal

239

(1)

The Stable Isotopes of Oxygen

240

(2)

Overview

240

(1)

18O and CO2

241

(1)

The Dole Effect

241

(1)

17O

242

(1)

Integrative Research Approach

242

(3)

References

243

(2)

Constraining the Global Carbon Budget from Global to Regional Scales - the Measurement Challenge

245

(22)

R. J. Francey

P. J. Rayner

C. E. Allison

Introduction

245

(1)

Present Status of Global C-Models

245

(2)

Global CO2-Measurements

247

(2)

The Global CO2-Measuring Network

249

(4)

References

252

(1)

Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Terrestrial Ecosystems - How Well do Observed and Modeled Results Match?

N. Buchmann

J. O. Kaplan

Introduction

253

(1)

Experimental and Analytical Methods

253

(2)

Description of the Model

255

(1)

13C Signature of Ecosystem Respiration

255

(1)

Modeled Ecosystem Carbon Discrimination

256

(2)

Comparison of Observed and Modeled De Estimates

258

(3)

Differences Due to Vegetation and PFT Distribution

259

(1)

Differences Due to Vegetation Change

260

(1)

Differences Due to The Water Regime

260

(1)

Differences Due to Selection of Field Sites

261

(1)

Ecophysiological Information of Δe

261

(1)

Conclusions

262

(5)

References

265

(2)

Photosynthetic Pathways and Climate

267

(12)

J. R. Ehleringer

T. E. Cerling

Introduction

267

(1)

A Physiological Basis for C3/C4 Plant Distributions

268

(1)

A Brief History of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels

268

(1)

Recognizing the Presence of C3 and C4 Ecosystems in the Paleorecord

269

(1)

The Global Expansion of C4 Ecosystems

270

(2)

C3/C4 Dynamics During Glacial-Interglacial Periods

272

(2)

Photosynthetic Pathway Distribution in The Modern World

274

(1)

Photosynthetic Pathway Impacts Herbivores

274

(1)

Summary

275

(4)

References

276

(3)

Biological Diversity, Evolution and Biogeochemistry

279

(6)

H. A. Mooney

What Do We Have and What Are We Losing?

279

(1)

Do Species Losses Matter for Biogeochemical Cycling?

279

(1)

From First Principles - No

279

(1)

From First Principles - Yes

280

(1)

Kinds of Diversity

280

(1)

Structural Diversity

280

(1)

Chemical Diversity

280

(1)

Functional - Type Diversity

281

(1)

The Evolution of Functional Diversity

281

(1)

The Changing Atmosphere

281

(1)

Getting on Land

281

(1)

Cellulose

281

(1)

Evolution of Polyphenolic Compounds

281

(1)

The Build Up of Carbon and Evolution of Decomposers

282

(1)

The Evolution of Angiosperms and Insects

282

(1)

Analysis of the Role of Diversity and Biogeochemistry

283

(1)

Direct Tests

283

(1)

Field Inferences

283

(1)

Summary

283

(2)

References

182

(103)

Atmospheric Perspectives on the Ocean Carbon Cycle

285

(10)

P. J. Rayner

Introduction

285

(1)

Long-term Mean Ocean Uptake

285

(5)

Global and Temporal Perspective

285

(3)

Spatial Perspectives

288

(2)

Interannual Variability

290

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

293

(2)

References

293

(2)

International Instruments for the Protection of the Climate and Their National Implementation

295

(8)

R. Wolfrum

Introduction

295

(1)

Commitments of States Parties Under the Climate Change Regime

295

(2)

Implementation Measures

297

(2)

Monitoring Compliance and Enforcement

299

(1)

The Kyoto Protocol as a Learning Treaty

300

(1)

Conclusions

300

(3)

A New Tool to Characterizing and Managing Risks

303

(14)

O. Renn

A. Klinke

G. Busch

F. Beese

G. Lammel

Introduction

303

(1)

Risk Evaluation and Risk Classification

304

(2)

Main Characteristics of Risk Evaluation

304

(1)

Rational Risk Evaluation

304

(1)

Additional Criteria of Risk Evaluation

305

(1)

Risk Classification

305

(1)

Risk Management

306

(4)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Sword of Damocles''

306

(1)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Cyclop''

307

(1)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Pythia''

308

(1)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Pandora's Box''

308

(1)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Cassandra''

309

(1)

Strategies and Instruments for the Risk Type ``Medusa''

310

(1)

Application to Environmental Risk of Substances

310

(4)

Global Biogeochemical Cycles are Influenced Due to Human Activity

310

(1)

Risk Classification of Environmental Risks of Substances

310

(1)

Forest Ecosystems are Influenced by Changing Biogeochemical Cycles

310

(1)

Changing Patterns of Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition

311

(1)

Exceedance of Forest Soils Buffering Capacity

312

(1)

Nitrogen Deposition on Nutrient Deficient and Acid Sensitive Soils

313

(1)

Conclusion

313

(1)

Some Conclusions for a Deliberative Process

314

(3)

References

314

(3)

Contrasting Approaches: The Ozone Layer, Climate Change and Resolving The Kyoto Dilemma

317

(16)

R. E. Benedick

Introduction: Apples and Oranges?

317

(1)

Montreal: An Unlikely Success Story

318

(1)

Lessons From The Ozone Layer

319

(1)

Climate Change: The Road to Rio

320

(1)

The Framework Convention on Climate Change

321

(1)

Tortuous Targets in Kyoto

322

(2)

When Will the Kyoto Protocol Enter Into Force?

324

(1)

Unlearned Lessons

325

(1)

Time To Move on: A longer Term Perspective

326

(2)

A Technology-based Strategy For The Future: Eight Points For Action

328

(5)

References

330

(3)

Optimizing Long-Term Climate Management

333

(12)

K. Hasselmann

Introduction

333

(1)

Global Environment and Society Models

333

(2)

Impulse-Response Climate Models

335

(4)

Optimizing CO2 Emissions

339

(3)

Conclusions

342

(3)

References

342

(3)

Subject Index

345

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Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials