The Global Navigation Satellite System:

This book constitutes a valuable practical guide to satellite air navigation, communication and aviation safety. It covers, in depth, legal, economic and technical issues on the subjects and offers well-researched analyses on key areas and issues.

Foreword

xi

Dr. Assad Kotaite

Preface

xiii

List of Abbreviations

xv

Introduction

1

(14)

PART I: TECHNICAL ASPECTS

15

(21)

An Overview of the CNS/ATM Systems

16

(20)

Current Systems - A brief history

16

(4)

Present Shortcomings and Future Benefits

20

(2)

The CNS/ATM Systems

22

(7)

Communications

22

(1)

Navigation

23

(3)

Surveillance

26

(1)

Air Traffic Management

27

(2)

Human Factors and Training Needs

29

(7)

PART II: INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

36

(34)

The Evolving GNSS

37

(23)

Signal Providers: Characteristics and Policy Issues

37

(5)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

37

(4)

Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)

41

(1)

Satellite-based Augmentation Systems

42

(3)

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

42

(1)

Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

43

(1)

Multi-functional Transport Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS)

43

(1)

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)

44

(1)

Emerging GNSS Elements

45

(5)

Galileo

45

(4)

The Way Forward

49

(1)

Evolutionary Introduction of GNSS

50

(10)

GNSS as a Sole-Means Navigation System

50

(1)

Discontinuation of Services, Unlawful Interference and Other Concerns

50

(10)

Frequency Spectrum and Orbital Position Considerations

60

(10)

Introduction

60

(1)

The ITU Regulatory Framework

61

(3)

The Outer Space Treaty and the Orbit/Spectrum Resource

64

(1)

Concluding Remarks

65

(5)

PART III: LEGAL ASPECTS

70

(100)

Introduction

71

(2)

Existing Legal Tools

73

(28)

The Chicago Convention

73

(1)

International Standards and Recommended Practices - The Annexes

74

(7)

The Law-making Function of the ICAO Council

74

(2)

Safety Oversight

76

(1)

ICAO Safety Oversight Audit Programme

76

(3)

GNSS SARPs

79

(1)

Legal Significance

80

(1)

Guidelines, Guiding Principles and Other Guidance Material

81

(1)

Checklist of Items

82

(1)

Statement of ICAO Policy on CNS/ATM Systems Implementation and Operation

82

(1)

The Exchange of Letters

83

(4)

Introduction

83

(1)

Legal Significance

84

(3)

Charter on the Rights and Obligations of States Relating to GNSS Services

87

(3)

Introduction

87

(2)

Legal Significance

89

(1)

LTEP Recommendations

90

(1)

The World-wide CNS/ATM Systems Implementation Conference

91

(10)

Conclusions and Recommendations

91

(1)

Declaration on Global Air Navigation Systems for the Twenty-first Century

92

(9)

The Long-Term Legal Framework

101

(19)

Forms of Instrument

101

(1)

Need or Desirability of an International Convention

102

(5)

The Signal Providers' Perspective

102

(1)

The User States' Perspective

103

(2)

An Alternative View

105

(1)

The Predominant View

106

(1)

An Afterthought

106

(1)

Fundamental Principles

107

(13)

Safety of International Civil Aviation

107

(1)

Global Aviation Safety Plan

107

(2)

Universal Accessibility Without Discrimination

109

(1)

Reliability and Continuity of the Services

110

(1)

Sovereignty of States

111

(2)

Co-operation and Mutual Assistance

113

(1)

The Role of ICAO

114

(1)

Compatibility of Regional Arrangements with Global Planning and Implementation

114

(6)

Other Legal Issues

120

(50)

Certification

120

(2)

Liability

122

(18)

The Implications of Article 28

124

(3)

The Current Liability Regime

127

(1)

Liability of the U.S. Government Under U.S. Law - The Federal Tort Claims Act

128

(1)

Discretionary Function Exception

129

(1)

Foreign Country Exception

129

(2)

Combatant Activity Exception

131

(1)

Conclusion

131

(1)

Other Existing Compensation Channels

132

(2)

The Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Convention

134

(1)

The Rome Convention

135

(1)

The Liability Convention

135

(1)

International Fund for Compensation

136

(2)

Disclaimer of Liability

138

(1)

Channelling of Liability

139

(1)

Regime of Liability

140

(1)

Administration

140

(6)

National Level

141

(2)

International Level

143

(3)

Cost-Recovery

146

(2)

Financing

148

(22)

Cost-benefit Analysis and Business Case

148

(1)

Potential Sources of Funds

148

(1)

Alternative Mechanisms

149

(1)

ICAO Objectives Implementation Mechanism

149

(1)

International Financial Facility for Aviation Safety

150

(4)

Future Operating Structures

154

(16)

Conclusions

170

(10)

Bibliography

180

(25)

Index

205

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The Global Navigation Satellite System: Navigating into the New Millennium

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials