Gods and Men in Egypt

"Today, a good century after the first X-rays of mummies, Egyptology has the benefit of all the methods and means at the disposal of forensic medicine. The 'mummy stories' we tell have changed their tone, but they have enjoyed much success, with fantastic

Francoise Dunand is Professor of the History of Religion, Marc Bloch University, Strasbourg Christiane Zivie-Coche is Director of Studies, L'Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, Section des Sciences religieuses, Paris

Preface, by Christiane Zivie-Coche

ix

Translator's Note

xvii

BOOK I. PHARAONIC EGYPT

Christiane Zivie-Coche

PART I. THE WORLD OF THE GODS

1. What Is a God?

5

(37)

The Gods Exist

5

(2)

Netjer, God

7

(6)

Figures of the Divine

13

(11)

Name, Person, and Function

24

(5)

The Organization of the Divine

29

(7)

Stories About the Gods

36

(4)

What Transcendence?

40

(2)

2. Cosmogonies, Creation, and Time

42

(29)

Egyptian Ontology

42

(3)

Before Creation, Nun

45

(2)

The Emergence of Being

47

(3)

The Place of the Emergence of Being

50

(2)

The Time of the Emergence of Being

52

(3)

The Techniques of Creation

55

(3)

Creation and Its Categories

58

(6)

Time and Creation

64

(7)

3. The Gods on Earth

71

(36)

The Chronological Evolution of Temples and the Problem of Sources

71

(12)

The Dwelling of the God

83

(6)

The Cult: Rituals and Liturgies

89

(7)

The Grammar of the Temple

96

(3)

The Officiants

99

(8)

PART II. THE LIVING AND THE DEAD

4. Of Men and Gods

107

(46)

Personal Piety: Attempt at Definition

107

(4)

Personal Piety and Institutions

111

(11)

Magic

122

(6)

Personal Piety in the Course of a Lifetime

128

(8)

Modes of Human-Divine Relationship

136

(7)

The Conduct of Life

143

(10)

5. "Death Will Come"

153

(44)

Knowing Death

154

(12)

What to Do?

166

(17)

Terra Incognita and Its Paths

183

(14)

BOOK II. PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN EGYPT

Francoise Dunand

PART I. RELIGION AND POWER

1. From the Lagides to the Roman Emperors: The New Pharaohs and Their Politico-Religious Ideology

197

(9)

The Sacralization of Power

198

(4)

Themes and Instruments of Royal Propaganda

202

(4)

2. The Reactions of the Priests

206

(8)

The Ptolemaic Period: An Ambiguous Game of Opposition/Collaboration

206

(4)

The Roman Period: A Muzzled and Resigned Clergy

210

(4)

3. A New God: The "Creation" of Sarapis

214

(11)

The Greek Contribution and the Egyptian Contribution

214

(2)

Who Was Sarapis?

216

(2)

Sarapis: Dynastic God, God of the Polis, God "for the Greeks"?

218

(7)

PART II. THE RELIGIOUS UNIVERSE

4. The Vitality of the Traditional Religion

225

(15)

The Sanctuaries

225

(8)

Upsurge in Theological Activity

233

(2)

"All the Egyptians Render a Cult to Them": Isis and Osiris

235

(5)

5. New Gods and Cults

240

(27)

Greek Gods and Cults

240

(7)

Royal Cult and Imperial Cult

247

(6)

Judaism in Egypt

253

(6)

Birth and Spread of Christianity in Egypt

259

(8)

6. Problems and Controversies

267

(18)

Changes in the Image of the Gods

267

(9)

Polytheisms and Monotheisms: From Coexistence to Conflict

276

(9)

PART III. HUMAN BEHAVIORS

7. Official Liturgies: The World of the Temples and Its Activities

285

(14)

A Greek Festival: The Ptolemaia of Alexandria

285

(4)

An Egyptian Festival: The "Festival of the Uplifting of the Sky and the Creation of the Potter's Wheel" at Esna

289

(5)

In the World of the Temples: The Daily Life of an Egyptian Temple

294

(5)

8. From "Learned" Religion to "Popular" Religion

299

(20)

Outside the World of the Temples: Private Religious Practice

299

(7)

A Form of Consecration: Reclusion in the Temples

306

(5)

From Everyday Cares to Anguish Before the Unknown: Oracles and Magic

311

(8)

9. Funerary Beliefs and Rituals

319

(20)

Images of the Hereafter: Egyptian Vision and Greek Vision

319

(6)

The Persistence of Traditional Practices

325

(8)

From "Pagan" Funerary Rituals to Christian Customs: A Manifest Continuity

333

(6)

Conclusion

339

(4)

Glossary of Gods and Goddesses

343

(8)

Maps

351

(2)

Chronology

353

(4)

Bibliography

357

(12)

Index

369

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Gods and Men in Egypt

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials