Grid Database Design

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ISBN: 9780849328008 | 0849328004
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/26/2005

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Grid Database Design investigates the origin, background, and components of this new computing model. It presents new concepts and analyzes pre-existing ideas in the context of Grid, educating organizations as to how Grid can increase computing power and strengthen operations. Divided into three sections, the volume begins by laying the groundwork, defining the concepts that led to the model's emergence. The second section explains what is entailed in building a Grid, focusing on security, hardware, and the forces driving growth. The final section explores details of databases in a Grid environment, illustrating how the Grid environment will shape database evolution.

SECTION I: IN THE BEGINNING

History

(32)

Computing

(1)

Early Mechanical Devices

(8)

Computing Machines

(6)

The 1960s

(5)

The 1970s

(4)

The 1980s

(4)

The 1990s

(3)

The 21st Century

(2)

Definition and Components

(24)

P2P

(3)

Napster

(1)

Gnutella

(2)

Types

(16)

Computational Grid

(1)

Distributed Servers and Computation Sites

(1)

Remote Instrumentation

(1)

Data Archives

(1)

Networks

(1)

Portal (User Interface)

(1)

Security

(1)

Broker

(1)

User Profile

(1)

Searching for Resources

(1)

Batch Job Submittal

(2)

Credential Repository

(1)

Scheduler

(1)

Data Management

(1)

Data Grid

(1)

Storage Mechanism Neutrality

(1)

Policy Neutrality

(1)

Compatibility with Other Grid Infrastructure

(1)

Storage Systems

(1)

Access or Collaboration Grid

(1)

Large-Format Displays

(1)

Presentation Environments

(1)

Interfaces to Grid Middleware

(1)

Others

(1)

Scavenging Grid

(2)

Grid Scope

(3)

Project Grid, Departmental Grid, or Cluster Grid

(2)

Enterprise Grid or Campus Grid

(1)

Global Grid

(1)

Early Adopters

(24)

Computational and Experimental Scientists

(1)

Bioinformatics

(1)

Corporations

(1)

Academia

(2)

University of Houston

(1)

University of Ulm Germany

(1)

The White Rose University Consortium

(1)

Science

(1)

Particle Physics

(1)

Industries

(12)

Gaming

(2)

Financial

(1)

Wachovia

(1)

RBC Insurance

(1)

Charles Schwab

(1)

Life Science

(1)

The American Diabetes Association

(2)

North Carolina Genomics and Bioinformatics Consortium

(1)

Spain's Institute of Cancer Research

(1)

Petroleum

(1)

Royal Dutch Shell

(1)

Utilities

(1)

Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

(1)

Manufacturing

(1)

Ford Motor Company

(1)

Saab Automobile

(1)

Motorola

(1)

Government

(1)

NASA

(1)

U.S. Department of Defense

(1)

European Union

(1)

Flemish Government

(1)

Benefits

(8)

Virtualization

(8)

SECTION II: THE PARTS AND PIECES

Security

(50)

Security

(38)

Authentication

(1)

Reciprocity of Identification

(1)

Computational Efficiency

(1)

Communication Efficiency

(1)

Third-Party Real-Time Involvement

(1)

Nature of Security

(1)

Secret Storage

(1)

Passwords

(1)

Private Key

(1)

Block Ciphers

(1)

Stream Ciphers

(2)

Public Key

(5)

Digital Signature

(5)

Authorization

101

(1)

Delegation of Identity

102

(1)

Delegation of Authority

103

(1)

Accounting

103

(1)

Audit

103

(1)

Access Control

104

(1)

DAC

104

(1)

MAC

105

(1)

Allow and Deny

106

(1)

Satisfy

107

(1)

Role-Based Access

107

(1)

Usage Control

108

(1)

Cryptography

108

(1)

Block Cipher

109

(1)

Stream Ciphers

110

(1)

Linear Feedback Shift Register

110

(1)

One-Time Pad

111

(1)

Shift Register Cascades

111

(1)

Shrinking Generators

112

(1)

Accountability

112

(3)

Data Integrity

115

(1)

Attenuation

116

(1)

Impulse Noise

116

(1)

Cross Talk

116

(1)

Jitter

117

(1)

Delay Distortion

117

(1)

Capability Resource Management

118

(3)

Database Security

121

(12)

Inference

121

(3)

Server Security

124

(1)

Database Connections

125

(1)

Table Access Control

125

(5)

Restricting Database Access

130

(1)

DBMS Specific

131

(2)

The Hardware

133

(14)

Computers

133

(7)

Blade Servers

138

(2)

Storage

140

(3)

I/O Subsystems

143

(1)

Underlying Network

143

(1)

Operating Systems

144

(1)

Visualization Environments

144

(1)

People

145

(2)

Metadata

147

(24)

Grid Metadata

152

(1)

Data Metadata

153

(1)

Physical Metadata

154

(1)

Domain-Independent Metadata

154

(1)

Content-Dependent Metadata

154

(1)

Content-Independent Metadata

155

(1)

Domain-Specific Metadata

155

(1)

Ontology

155

(1)

User Metadata

155

(1)

Application Metadata

156

(1)

External Metadata

156

(1)

Logical Metadata

157

(1)

User

157

(1)

Data

158

(1)

Resources

158

(1)

Metadata Services

158

(1)

Context

158

(1)

Structure

158

(1)

Define the Data Granularity

159

(1)

Database

159

(1)

Access

159

(1)

Metadata Formatting

160

(9)

XML

161

(1)

What Is XML?

161

(7)

Application

168

(1)

MCAT

169

(1)

Conclusion

170

(1)

Drivers

171

(24)

Business

174

(9)

Accelerated Time to Results

174

(1)

Operational Flexibility

174

(1)

Leverage Existing Capital Investments

175

(1)

Better Resource Utilization

176

(1)

Enhanced Productivity

176

(2)

Better Collaboration

178

(1)

Scalability

178

(1)

ROI

179

(1)

Reallocation of Resources

180

(1)

TCO

181

(2)

Technology

183

(12)

Infrastructure Optimization

183

(1)

Increase Access to Data and Collaboration

183

(1)

Resilient, Highly Available Infrastructure

183

(1)

Make Most Efficient Use of Resources

184

(1)

Services Oriented

185

(1)

Batch Oriented

186

(1)

Object Oriented

186

(1)

Supply and Demand

186

(1)

Open Standards

187

(1)

Corporate IT Spending Budgets

187

(1)

Cost, Complexity, and Opportunity

188

(2)

Better, Stronger, Faster

190

(1)

Efficiency Initiatives

191

(4)

SECTION III: DATABASES IN THE GRID

Introducing Databases

195

(18)

Databases

195

(1)

Relational Database

196

(6)

Tuples

197

(1)

Attributes

198

(1)

Entities

198

(1)

Relationship

198

(1)

Relational Algebra

198

(1)

Union

198

(1)

Intersection

198

(1)

Difference

199

(1)

Cartesian Product

199

(1)

Select

199

(1)

Project

200

(1)

Join

200

(1)

Relational Calculus

200

(2)

Object Database

202

(1)

Architecture Differences between Relational and Object Databases

203

(1)

Object Relational Database

203

(2)

SQL

205

(4)

Select

206

(1)

Where

206

(1)

And/Or

206

(1)

207

(1)

Between

207

(1)

207

(1)

Insert

207

(1)

Update

208

(1)

Delete

208

(1)

Database

209

(1)

Data Model

209

(1)

Schema

209

(1)

Relational Model

209

(1)

Anomalies

209

(4)

Insert Anomaly

210

(1)

Deletion Anomaly

210

(1)

Update Anomaly

210

(3)

Parallel Database

213

(28)

Data Independence

213

(1)

Parallel Databases

214

(4)

Start-Up

216

(1)

Interference

216

(1)

Skew

217

(1)

Attribute Data Skew

217

(1)

Tuple Placement Skew

217

(1)

Selectivity Skew

217

(1)

Redistribution Skew

217

(1)

Join Product Skew

218

(1)

Multiprocessor Architecture Alternatives

218

(4)

Shared Everything

218

(1)

Shared Disk

219

(1)

Shared Nothing (Message Passing)

220

(1)

Hybrid Architecture

221

(1)

Hierarchical Cluster

221

(1)

NUMA

222

(1)

Disadvantages of Parallelism

222

(2)

Database Parallelization Techniques

224

(4)

Data Placement

224

(1)

Parallel Data Processing

224

(1)

Parallel Query Optimization

224

(1)

Transaction Management

224

(1)

Parallelism Versus Fragmentation

224

(1)

Round-Robin

225

(1)

Hash Partitioning

225

(1)

Range Partitioning

225

(1)

Horizontal Data Partitioning

226

(1)

Replicated Data Partitioning

226

(1)

Chained Partitioning

227

(1)

Placement Directory

227

(1)

Index Partitioning

228

(1)

Partitioning Data

228

(1)

Data-Based Parallelism

228

(3)

Interoperation

228

(1)

Intraoperation

229

(1)

Pipeline Parallelism

229

(1)

Partitioned Parallelism

230

(1)

Parallel Data Flow Approach

231

(2)

Retrieval

232

(1)

Point Query

232

(1)

Range Query

232

(1)

Inverse Range Query

232

(1)

Parallelizing Relational Operators

233

(4)

Operator Replication

233

(1)

Merge Operators

233

(1)

Parallel Sorting

233

(1)

Parallel Aggregation

234

(1)

Parallel Joins

234

(3)

Data Skew

237

(4)

Load Balancing Algorithm

237

(1)

Dynamic Load Balancing

238

(3)

Distributing Databases

241

(20)

Advantages

245

(1)

Disadvantages

245

(1)

Rules for Distributed Databases

246

(2)

Fragmentation

248

(7)

Completeness

249

(1)

Reconstruction

249

(1)

Disjointedness

249

(1)

Transparency

249

(1)

Distribution Transparency

250

(1)

Fragmentation Transparency

250

(1)

Location Transparency

250

(1)

Replication Transparency

250

(1)

Local Mapping Transparency

251

(1)

Naming Transparency

251

(1)

Transaction Transparency

251

(1)

Performance Transparency

252

(1)

Vertical Fragmentation

252

(2)

Horizontal Fragmentation

254

(1)

Hybrid

255

(1)

Replication

255

(1)

Metadata

256

(1)

Distributed Database Failures

257

(1)

Failure of a Site

257

(1)

Loss of Messages

257

(1)

Failure of a Communication Link

257

(1)

Network Partition

257

(1)

Data Access

258

(3)

Data Synchronization

261

(14)

Concurrency Control

262

(5)

Distributed Deadlock

262

(2)

Database Deadlocks

264

(1)

Multiple-Copy Consistency

265

(1)

Pessimistic Concurrency Control

266

(1)

Two-Phase Commit Protocol

267

(1)

Time Stamp Ordering

267

(5)

Optimistic Concurrency Control

268

(2)

Heterogeneous Concurrency Control

270

(1)

Distributed Serializability

271

(1)

Query Processing

271

(1)

Query Transformations

271

(1)

Transaction Processing

271

(1)

Heterogeneity

272

(3)

Conclusion

275

(2)

Index

277

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Grid Database Design

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials