Guide to Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy

, by Mirovitskaia, N. S.; Ascher, William; Corbett, Helen (CON); Swibold, Susanne (CON)

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ISBN: 9780822327356 | 082232735X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/1/2002

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"This useful reference work provides grounding for two essential tasks: understanding the needs of the present, and engaging with the compromises implicit in any attempt to assure that future generations will be able to meet their own needs."--Kai N. Lee, Williams College

Introduction

xxix

Contributors

xxxiii

Basic Concepts of Development and Environment

Development Theory: Introductory Concepts, Criteria, and Measurements

Capital

(4)

Absorptive Capacity, Economic

Capital

Capital Accumulation

Capital-Resource Substitution

Critical Natural Capital

Cultural Capital

Ecological Capital

Human Capital

National Heritage

Natural Capital/Natural Assets

Natural Wealth

Social Capital

Undercapitalization

Classification of Nations and Major Political Units by Development Characteristics

(5)

Countries in Transition

Developed Countries

Developing Countries (Less Developed Countries [LDCS])

East vs. West

Economy in Transition

Fifth World

First World

Fourth World

Group of 7 (G-7)

Group of 77 (G-77)

Industrial Countries (First World)

Least Developed Countries (LLDCS)

Less Developed Countries (LDCS)

Newly Industrializing Countries (NICS)

North vs. South

Raw-Material-Intensive Economy

Second World

Third World

Development

(9)

Bottom-up Development

Capacity Building

Core-Periphery Model

Development

Development Models

Economic Growth Debate

Endogenous Development (Endogenous Growth)

Exemplary Projects

Growth, Economic

Low-Level Equilibrium Trap

Modernization

Optimal Growth Theory

Participatory Development

Resource-Curse Hypothesis

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

Stakeholder

Trickle-Down Development

Underdevelopment

Economic Production, Investment, and Cycles

(6)

Allocative Efficiency

Decreasing Returns to Scale

Diminishing Returns (Law Of Diminishing Returns)

Economic Efficiency

Industry

Informal Economy

Kondratieff Cycles

Market Failure

Opportunity Cost

Overshooting

Price System

Production Function

Resource Cycles

Subsidies

Human Resource Development

(1)

Basic Needs

Human Capital

Human Development

Human Resource Development

Measurements of Economic Development and Growth

(5)

Adjusted Income

Country Futures Indicators (CFI)

Gender-Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

Genuine Saving

Gini Index of Inequality

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross National Product (GNP)

Gross World Product

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW)

Indicators of Development

Lorenz Curve

Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW, or Net Economic Welfare [NEW])

Natural Capital Indicator

Net Domestic Product (NDP)

Pollution-Adjusted Economy Indicator

Natural Resources and Environmental Services

Carrying Capacity

(3)

Absorptive Capacity, Environmental (or Assimilative Capacity)

Assimilative Capacity

Carrying Capacity

Critical Environment

Critical Load

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Integrity

Environment

Environmental Space

Limiting Factor

Ecosystem

(3)

Biocenosis

Biogeocenosis

Bioregion

Biosphere

Cultural Environment

Ecosystem

Natural Environments

Noosphere

Optimum Sustainable Population

Resilience

Seminatural Environment

Stability (of Ecosystem)

Subnatural Environment

Environmental Services

(2)

Amenity Services of the Environment

Ecological Services

Environmental Functions

Environmental Needs

Environmental Resources

Environmental Services

Environmental Space

Life-Support Services of the Environment

Other Basic Environmental Concepts and Processes

(6)

Biodiversity (Biological Diversity)

Biogeochemical Cycle

Ecological Imperialism

Ecological Entity

Entropy

Environmental Debt

Environmental Protection

Equilibrium, Environmental

Evolution

Feedback Mechanism

Habitat

Media, Environmental

Natural Pollution

Nonlinear Relationships

Pollution

Riparian Habitat

Species

Synergism (or Synergy)

Thresholds, Environmental

Wilderness

Resource Uses and Types

(2)

Commodity

Conditionally Renewable Resources

Ecological Rucksacks (``Forgotten Tonnes'')

Environmental Resources

Exhaustible Resources

Material Resources

Natural Resources

Nonrenewable Resources

Resource Intensity

Tradable Commodity

Resource Conservation: Approaches and Practices

(3)

Conservation

High Grading

Hotelling Rule

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

Multiple Resource Use

Optimal Sustainable Yield

Preservation

Protection

Standards and Measurements

(4)

Ambient Standards

Biodiversity Indices

Environmental Index

Environmental Indicators

Environmental Standards

Index of Resource Depletion

Living Standards Measurement Survey

Pollution Index

Sustainability Indicators

Epistemology of the Field

Approaches to Knowledge and Theory

(10)

Bounded Rationality

Catastrophe Theory

Chaos Theory

Complex Adaptive Systems

Complex Models

Critical Theory

Cultural Determinism

Ecological Triad

Environmental Determinism (Geographical School; Environmentalism)

Game Theory

General System Theory

Geopolitics

Indigenous Knowledge (Indigenous Technical Knowledge [ITK]; Traditional Knowledge)

Maximization Postulate

Positivism

Prigogine's Evolutionary Paradigm

Rational Choice Theory

Reductionism

Reflexive Modernization

Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Environmental Studies and Economic Thought

(47)

Conservation Biology

Ecological Economics

Ecological Energetics Paradigm

Ecology

Environmental Economics

Environmental Studies

Green Economics

Human Ecology

Neoclassical Economics

Policy-Relevant Research

Political Ecology

Resource Economics

Restoration Ecology

Welfare Economics

Sustainability

Basic Sustainability Concepts

Agricultural Sustainability

Coevolution

Community Sustainability

Sensible Sustainability

Steady State

Steady-State Economy

Strong Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Natural Resource Management

Weak Sustainability

Measurements of Sustainability

Bellagio Principles

Constant Utility Path

Discounted Utilitarian Interpretation

European Sustainability Index (ESI)

Factor 10

Rawlsian Interpretation of Sustainability

Sustainability Indicators

Sustainable National Income (SNI)

Philosophical Approaches and Social Movements

Alternative Normativism

Alternative Structuralism

Animal Rights

Anti-Environmentalism

Back-to-Nature Movement

Bioregionalism

Core-Periphery Theory (Center-Periphery Theory)

Deep Ecology

Dependency Theory

Ecoanarchism

Ecodevelopment

Ecofascism

Ecofeminism

Eco-Marxism

Ecosocialism

Gaiasophy

Gandhian Concept of Development (Swaraj Doctrine; ``Hindu Development'')

Gender and Development Approach (GAD)

Holistic Ecology

Kropotkin, Piotr Alekseyevich

Land Ethic

Lifeboat Ethics

Radical Environmentalism

Social Ecology

Spaceship Economy

Stewardship

Transpersonal Ecology

Women and Development (WAD) Approach

Women in Development (WID) Approach

Sustainable Development Outlooks and Models

Boserupian Thesis

Buddhist Model of Development

Development Models

Ecological Energetics Paradigm

Environmental Convergence Theory

Global 2000 Report

``Golden Billion'' Development

IPAT Model

Leontieff Report

Limits to Growth Report

Outbreak-Crash Model of the Future

Sustainable Development Strategy and Agenda Statements

Agenda 21

Blueprint for Survival

Caring for the Earth

Declaration on the Human Environment

Development Decades

Earth Charter

Global Marshall Plan for the Environment

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

Small Is Beautiful

United Nations Declaration of a New International Economic Order

UN Development Decades

United Nations World Charter for Nature

World Charter for Nature

World Conservation Strategy (WCS)

Sustainable Society: Challenges, Institutions, and Mechanisms

Accountability

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

Civil Society

Collective Action Theory

Epistemic Communities

Free Rider (Free-Riding Problem)

Global Civil Society

Governance

Interdependence

Pareto Improvement (Pareto Optimality)

Prisoner's Dilemma

Regime(s)

Regime Effectiveness

Regime Robustness (Regime Resilience)

Social Institutions

Sustainable Society

Main Factors Behind Development and Environmental Change

Population, Poverty, and Underdevelopment

Demographic Transition

Human Carrying Capacity

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

International Human Suffering Index

Microeconomic Theory of Fertility

Poverty

Poverty Alleviation

Size Distribution of Income

Time Horizons

Underdevelopment

Affluence and Consumption

Consumer Groups

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)

Environmental Perceptions

Ethical Consumption

Green Consumerism

Technology

Appropriate Technology

Best Available Technology

Biotechnology

Clean Technology

Technological Fix

Technology Transfer

Political Economy

Externalities

111

(2)

Coase Theorem

Environmental Externality Costs

Externalities (External Costs)

Externality, Environmental

Internalization of Environmental/External Costs

Transboundary Externalities

Transboundary Natural Resources

Transboundary Water Resources (International or Shared Waters)

Property and User Rights

113

(5)

Bundle of Entitlements (or Rights)

Collective Intellectual Property Rights (CIPRS)

Common Property Resources (Common Pool Resources)

Emission Rights (or Credits)

Environmental Rights

Global Commons

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

International Commons

Open-Access Resources

Plant Breeder Rights (PBR)

Property Rights

Scarce Resources

Shared Natural Resources

Scarcity

118

(11)

Absolute Scarcity

Ecological Scarcity

Geopolitical Scarcity

Hotelling Rent

Resource Rent

Resource Scarcity

Worldviews and Social Traps

Anthropocentrism

Basic Pessimist Model (Catastrophism)

Biocentrism

Catastrophist Model

Contempocentrism

Cornucopian Model

Ecocentrism

Exclusionist Paradigm

Human-Needs Theory

New Environmental Paradigm (NEP)

Technocentrism

Tragedy of the Commons

International Political Economy of Environment and Development

Globalization

Biocolonialism

Code of Conduct of Transnational Corporations

Comparative Advantage Theory

Competitive Advantage

Cultural Imperialism

Delinking

Ecodumping

Ecological Imperialism

Ecological Shadow

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Multinational Corporations (MNCS; Transnational Corporations, TNCS)

Multilateral Agreement of Investment (MAI)

Pollution Havens Hypothesis

Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)

UN Code of Conduct of Transnational Corporations

Capital Shortages and Foreign Debt

Practices, Trends, and Problems

129

(2)

Capital Market Liberalization

Debt

Debt Service

Hard Loan

Investment Gap

Liability

Debt Relief

131

(2)

Austerity Measures

Debt Conversion

Debt-for-Nature Swaps (DFNS)

Sector Loan

Social Safety Nets

Soft Loans

Special Drawing Rights (SDRS)

Structural Adjustment Loans (SALS)

Multilateral Lending Institutions

133

(5)

African Development Bank

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Bretton Woods System

Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF)

Declaration of Environmental Policies and Procedures Relating to Economic Development

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

International Development Association (IDA)

International Financial Institutions

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Multilateral Development Banks

World Bank

World Bank Group

Foreign Assistance

138

(3)

Additionality, Principle of Aid Agencies

Conditionality

Data Activity Index (DAI)

Development Aid (Development Assistance)

Development Agencies (Development Assistance Agencies)

Foreign Assistance

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

International Aid

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

International Trade

Practices, Trends, and Problems

141

(5)

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Dispute

Danish Bottle Case

Duties

Export Processing Zones (EPZS; Free Trade Zones)

Free Trade

Garbage Imperialism

Maquiladoras

Nontariff Barriers

Protectionism

Recompensing Duties

Tradable Commodity

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

Trading Blocs

Tuna-Dolphin Controversy

Responses and Strategies

146

(4)

Alternative Trading Organization

Countervailing Duty (CVD)

Eco-Cooperation Agreements

Environmental Trade Measures (ETMS)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO 14000

Principle of Equity in Sharing Environmental Space

Production and Process Method (PPM)

Winnipeg Principles on Trade and Sustainable Development

Global Trade Integration Initiatives

150

(11)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Uruguay Round

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration

Amazonian Cooperation Treaty

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

European Community (EC)

European Union (EU)

Maastricht Treaty

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAECC)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

South Pacific Commission (SPC)

South Pacific Forum

South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP)

Security and Sustainable Development

Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxic Weapons and Their Destruction (Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention)

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC])

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Uses of Environmental Modification Techniques (Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD)

Ecocide

Environmental Refugees

International Environmental Security

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Nuclear Winter

Decision Making

Analytical Tools for Environmental Decision Making

Adjusting National Accounts to Reflect Environmental and Resource Considerations

161

(5)

Avoidance Costs Approach (Prevention Cost Approach)

Eco-Domestic Product (EDP;Green or Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product)

Ecological Capital

Environmental Accounting (Green Accounting)

Environmentally Adjusted National Income (ENI)

Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product

Environmentally Defensive Expenditures (EDES)

Environmental Resource Accounts

Framework for Indicators of Sustainable Development (FISD)

Genuine Savings

Green Accounting

Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP)

Gross World Product Resource Accounting

Natural Patrimony Accounting

Natural Resource and Environmental Accounts (NRA)

Resource Accounting

Resource-Adjusted Net Domestic Product (RANDP)

Resource and Pollutant Flow Accounts (RPFA)

Satellite Accounts

Stress Response Environmental Statistical System

System of National Accounts (SNA)

User Cost Approach

Benefit-Cost Analysis

166

(2)

Benefit-Cost Analysis (Cost-Benefit Analysis)

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

Costs of Environmental Damage

Discount Rate

Opportunity Cost

Shadow Price

Shadow Projects

Social Cost

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis

Ecosystem Management and Land-Use Planning

168

(4)

Adaptive Management

Ecosystem Management

Habitat Management Plan (Habitat Conservation Plans)

Key Area Approach (Enclave Strategy)

Land-Use Planning

Multiple Resource Use Management

Environmental Impact Assessment and Tools

172

(3)

Comparative Risk

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)

Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Audit

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Environmental Impact Statement

Environmental Risk

Environmental Risk Assessment

Full Cost Accounting (FCA)

Natural Resource Damage Assessments

Information and Monitoring

175

(3)

Earthwatch

Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)

Global Monitoring System

International Referral System for Sources of Environmental Information (INFOTERRA)

National Reports on Sustainable Development

State-of-the-Environment Reports (SERS)

Planning

178

(1)

Capacity

Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe (EAP)

Green Planning

International Network of Green Planners (INGP)

National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPS)

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDSS)

Policy Dialogue

Valuation of Environmental Services and Natural Resources

179

(1)

Value Concepts

179

(3)

Ability to Pay

Aesthetic Value of Nature

Bequest Value

Consumptive Use Value

Costs of Environmental Damage

Environmental Costs

Environmental Values

Existence Value

Intrinsic Value

Instrumental Value

Nonconsumptive Use Value

Option Value

Resource Rent

Use Value

Vicarious Benefit

Valuation Techniques

182

(5)

Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)

Direct Valuation

Dose-Response Technique

Energy Valuation

Hedonic Pricing

Household Production Function

Maintenance Valuation (in Environmental Accounting)

Replacement Cost Technique

Surrogate Market

Travel Cost Method (TCM)

Valuation of Environmental Services and Natural Resources

Willingness to Accept

Willingness to Pay

Environmental Policy Instruments and Principles

Environmental Policy

Environmental Policy Instruments

Environmental Protection

Direct Environmental Regulation and Politics

187

(6)

Abatement

Allowance

Best Available Technology

Command and Control Approach

Command and Covenant Approach

Direct (Environmental) Regulations (Command and Control Regulations)

Ecological Funds

End-of- (the)-Pipe Regulations and Technologies

Environmental Funds (Ecological Funds)

Environmental Regulation

Environmental Standards

Grandfathering

Iron Triangle

Nonattainment Areas

Offsetting

Regulations

Standard-Setting

Threshold Instruments

Zoning

Market-Based Instruments

193

(1)

Principles of Charges and Taxation

193

(2)

Beneficiary Pays Principle

Benefit Principle of Taxation

Cost Recovery

Disincentives

Pigovian Tax Principle

Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)

Victim Pays Principle (VPP)

Instruments of Charges and Taxation

195

(8)

Administrative Charges

Assurance Bonding System

Banking Scheme/Program

Carbon Tax

Charges

Deposit Refund Systems

Earmarking (of Revenues) (Hypothecation)

Economic (or Market-Based) Instruments

Eco-Taxation

Effluent (or Emission) Charges (or Taxes)

Emission Rights (or Credits)

Emission Taxation

Environmental Assurance Bonding System

Environmental Impact Tax

Environmental Liability Insurance

Fees

Green Tax

Hypothecation

Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQS)

International Tradable Emission Permits

Market Alternatives to Direct Regulation

Marketable Pollution Permits (Negotiable Permits)

Natural Resource Tax

Negotiable Permits or Vouchers

Noncompliance Fee

Output Taxes (Product Taxes or Product Charges)

Performance Bonds

Permits

Pollution Tax

Sewage Charge

Subsidies

Taxes

Tradable Pollution Discharge Permits

Tradable Pollution Rights

User Charges

Other Environmental Protection Actions

203

(3)

Civic Environmentalism

Community Advisory Panels (CAPS)

Community-Based Environmental Protection (CBEP)

Consumer Groups

Dirty Dozen

Ecological Funds

Environmental Covenants

Environmental Labeling (Ecolabeling)

National Environmental Funds (NEFS)

Policy-Relevant Research

Project XL

Public Environmental Awareness

Side Payments

Voluntary Agreements

Environmental Policy Principles and Initiatives

206

(4)

Accountability

Adaptation

Anticipatory Policy

Best Environmental Practice (BEP)

Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO)

Bubble Policy

Cross-Media Approach

Environmental Policies, Types of

Five ``R'' Principles

Full Cost Pricing

Keep Options Open Principle

Mitigation

Netting

No-Regrets Principle

Optimal Pollution Policy

Prevention

Subsidiarity

Zero-Cost Improvements

Policy Failures

210

(4)

Capture Theory

Corruption

Economic Distortions

Government Failure (Policy Failure)

Institutional Failure

Kleptocracy

Market Failure

Perverse Incentive

Policy Failure (Government Failure)

Rent-Seeking Behavior

Business Sector Responses to Environmental Problems

Industry

Technological Responses

214

(2)

Adapted Products

Ancillary Activities

Appropriate Technology

Best Available Technology (BAT)

Clean Technology

Five ``R'' Principles

Green Design

Product Stewardship

Remanufacturing

Eco-Efficiency and Voluntary Codes

216

(5)

Business Charter for Sustainable Development

Cradle-to-Grave Analysis

Eco-Efficiency

Eco-Labeling

Enviro-Capitalism

Environmental Accounting

Environmental Audit

Environmental Covenants

Environmental Labeling

Environmental Voluntary Agreements

Green Labeling

``Golden Carrot'' Program

Good Neighbor Agreements

Life-Cycle Approach or Analysis (LCA) (``Cradle to Grave'' Analysis; Eco-Balancing)

Natural Step

Pollution-Prevention Pays (PPP) Policy

Primary Environmental Care (PEC)

Responsible Care

Environmentally Sensitive Business Management

221

(4)

Corporate Environmental Reporting

Demand-Side Management

Design for Environment (DFE)

Environmental Audit

Environmental Benchmarking

Environmental Options Assessment

European Commission's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

Industrial Ecology

Industrial Metabolism

ISO 14000

Porter Hypothesis

Portfolio Analysis

Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM)

Voluntary Eco-Auditing

Business Organizations and Initiatives Related to Environment

225

(3)

Business Council of Sustainable Development (BCSD)

CERES Principles

Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI)

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

International Environment Bureau (IEB)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

World Economic Forum

Population and Consumption Responses

Cairo Conference on Population and Development

International Organization of Consumer Unions (IOCU)

United Nations International

Conference on Population and Development (ICPD; Cairo Conference)

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

International Environmental Management

Basic Concepts and Analytical Approaches

228

(2)

Blocking (Veto) State

Environmental Diplomacy

Hegemonic Power

Human Needs Theory

Lead State (in Environmental Diplomacy)

Supporting State

Swing State

Global Conferences on Environment and Development

230

(1)

Cairo Conference

Earth Summit

Rio Conference

Stockholm Conference

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED; Rio Conference; Earth Summit)

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)

United Nations Conferences on Human Settlements (Habitat I and II)

International Agencies and Commissions

231

(3)

Arctic Council

Canada/USA International Joint Commission (IJC)

Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

United Nations Commission on Human Settlements (UNCHS)

United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

United Nations Educational, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

United Nations Environment Programme

United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Office

United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration

United Nations Specialized Agencies

World Health Organization (WHO)

International Environmental and Sustainable Development Research

234

(7)

Brundtland Commission

Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR)

Diversitas

European Centre for Nature Conservation (ECNC)

European Environmental Agency (EEA)

Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE)

Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)

Global Monitoring System

Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)

Human Dimensions of Global Change Program (HDGCP)

International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)

International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)

Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB)

Management of Social Transformations (MOST)

Past Global Changes (PAGES)

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

South Commission

United Nations University (UNU)

World Climate Programme (WCP)

World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED; Brundtland Commission)

International Legal Initiatives

241

(9)

Additionality, Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities

Common Concern of Mankind

Common Heritage of Mankind

Compensation, Principle of

Convention, International

Crimes against Environment

Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development

Environmental Justice

Framework Convention

Incremental Costs, Principle of

Intergenerational Equity, Principle of

International Court for Environmental Arbitration and Conciliation (ICEAC; International Environmental Court)

International Court of Justice (IJC; World Court)

Intragenerational Equity, Principle of

Joint Implementation (JI; Activities Implemented Jointly)

Liability for Environmental Harm, Principle of

Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Principle of

Precautionary Principle (PP)

Prevention of Environmental Harm, Duty of

Protocol

Right to Development

Soft Law

Subsidiarity

Treaty

Major Nongovernmental Organizations and Movements

250

(9)

Big 10

Chipko Movement

Club of Rome

Committee of International Development Institutions on the Environment (CIDIE)

Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN)

Earth Council

Earth First! (EI!)

Earthwatch Institute (Earthwatch)

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)

Environmental Liaison Centre International (ELCI)

European Environment Bureau (EEB)

Friends of the Earth International (FOEI)

Global Legislators for a Balanced

Environment (GLOBE) International

Grassroots Organizations

Green Cross International (GCR)

Greenpeace International

International Academy of the Environment

International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)

International Environmental Bureau (IEB)

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASSA)

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN)

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

Nature Conservancy

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOS)

Private Voluntary Organization (PVOS)

Rainforest Action Network

Sierra Club

United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Office (UN-NGLO)

World Conservation Union (IUCN)

World Resources Institute (WRI)

Worldwatch Institute

World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)

Major Problems of Environmental Degradation and Development

Agricultural Decline and Pollution

Agricultural Trends, Practices, and Problems

259

(3)

Agricultural Collapse

Agricultural Extensification

Agricultural Intensification

Declining Relative Prices

Dirty Dozen

Engel's Law (and Engel's Curve)

Food Self-Sufficiency

Green Revolution

Land Rotation Agriculture

Shifting Cultivation

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

Soil Erosion

Swidden Agriculture (Shifting Cultivation; Land Rotation Agriculture; Slash-and-Burn Agriculture)

Agricultural Responses and Strategies

262

(5)

Agrarian Reform

Agroecology

Agroforestry

Alternative Farming

Biodynamic Agriculture

Codex Alimentarius

Codex Alimentarius Commission

Food Aid

Food Security

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Nature Farming

Organic Agriculture

Permaculture (Permanent Agriculture)

Sustainable Agriculture (Agricultural Sustainability)

Urban Agriculture

Organizations Related to Agriculture

267

(5)

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS)

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

World Food Council (WFC)

World Food Programme (WFP)

World Food Summit

Air Pollution

Acid Deposition (Acid Rain)

Air Pollution

Air Pollution Index (API; Air Quality Index)

Air Quality Standards

Ambient Standards

Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention (LRTAP)

Trail Smelter Case

Transboundary Air Pollution

Biodiversity Loss and Conservation Efforts

Biodiversity Concepts, Trends, and Conditions

272

(4)

Biocolonialism

Biodiversity Loss

Biodiversity Indices

Biosafety

Conservation versus Preservation

Endangered Species

Extinct Species

Genetic Engineering

Keystone Species

Riparian Habitat

Spasms of Extinction

Vavilov Centers

Responses and Strategies

276

(7)

Bioprospecting

Biosafety Protocol (Cartagena Agreement)

Biosphere Reserves

Buffer Zone

Collective Intellectual Property Rights (CIPRS)

Ecotourism

Ex Situ Preservation

Gene Banks

Global Biodiversity Strategy

Habitat Management Plan

In Situ Preservation

``Key Area'' Approach (``Enclave'' Strategy)

Monuments of Nature

National Parks

Protected Areas

Rainforest Action Network (RAN)

Red Book

Traffic Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC)

World Conservation Strategy (WCS)

Zakazniks

Zapovedniks

International Agreements and Organizations Related to Biodiversity Conservation

283

(5)

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968 Algiers African Convention)

African Convention Relative to the Preservation of Flora and Fauna in their Natural State (1933 London African Convention)

Biosafety Protocol

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention; WHC)

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere (Western Hemisphere Convention)

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR)

1900 London Convention

Rainforest Action Network (RAN)

World Conservation Union

World Wildlife Fund for Nature

Climate Change

Climate Concepts, Trends, and Conditions

288

(3)

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Climate Change

Climate Index

Global Warming

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Greenhouse Climate Response Index

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Index

Sea-Level Rise

Shapley Value

Conventions and Institutions Related to Climate Issues

291

(5)

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

Annex Parties

Berlin Mandate

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Conference of the Parties (COP)

Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Joint Implementation (JI; Activities Implemented Jointly)

Kyoto Protocol (KP)

World Climate Conferences

World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

World Meterological Organization (WMO)

Deforestation and Forestry

Forestry Trends, Practices, and Problems

296

(2)

Clear-Cutting

Deforestation

High-Grading

Old-Growth Timber

Plantation Forestry

Selective Logging

Responses and Strategies

298

(2)

Declaration of the Development of Forests

Harvesting Plans

Statement of Forest Principles

Sustainable Forestry

Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TEAP)

Organizations Related to Forestry

300

(4)

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF)

Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF)

International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)

International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA)

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)

Rainforest Action Network (RAN)

Desertification

Club du Sahel

Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD)

Desertification

Global Mechanism

Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)

Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (PACD)

Energy Shortages and Pollution

Energy Trends, Practices, and Problems

304

(1)

Energy Crisis

Energy-GNP Correlation

Energy-Intensive Industry

Fuel Efficiency

Energy Responses and Strategies

305

(13)

Demand-Side Management

Ecological Energetics Paradigm

Energy Valuation

Energy-GNP Decoupling

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Energy Agency (IEA)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Soft Energy Path

Fresh Water Scarcity and Pollution

Absolute Territorial Integrity, Doctrine of

Canada/USA International Joint Commission (IJC)

Clean Water Act (U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Act)

Community of Interests, Doctrine of

Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses

Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki Convention)

Equitable Utilization, Doctrine of

Harmon Doctrine

Helsinki Rules on the Use of Waters of International Rivers

International Watercourses

Riparian Rights

Transboundary Waters

Water Environment Federation (WEF)

Water-Resource Management

Water Use Charges

Global Environmental Change

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES)

Global Change

Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)

International Referral System for Sources of Environmental Information (INFOTERRA)

Stress-Response Environmental Statistical System

Hazardous Wastes

Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (Bamako Convention)

Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention)

Dirty Dozen

Garbage Imperialism

Hazardous Substances (and Hazardous Wastes)

International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC)

Nuclear Waste

Prior Informed Consent (PIC)

Superfund

Natural and Humanmade Disasters

Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

Convention on Nuclear Safety

Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents

Natural Disasters

Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Disaster

United Nations International Decade on Natural Disaster Reduction

Ocean's Resource Use and Degradation

Jurisdictional Issues

318

(1)

Boundary Concepts and Issues

318

(2)

Contiguous Zone

Continental Shelf

Creeping Jurisdiction

Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Freedom of the Seas Principle

Geographically Disadvantaged States (GDS)

High Seas (International Waters)

Maritime Boundaries

Presential Sea, Concept of

Territorial Sea

Maritime Conventions, Programs, and Implementing Institutions

320

(3)

Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the

Law of the Sea

Antarctic Treaty

Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (CLCS)

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Law of the Sea

Regional Seas Programme

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea III (UNCLOS III)

Coastal Processes and Management

323

(2)

Coastal Zone

Coastal Zone Management (CZM)

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM); Integrated Marine and Coastal Area Management [MCAM]; also Integrated Coastal Zone Management [ICZM])

Land Reclamation

Marine Protected Areas

Police Power

Public Trust Doctrine

Sectoral Management

Special Area Management

Fisheries

325

(1)

Trends, Practices, and Problems

325

(6)

Anadromous Species

Aquaculture

Catadromous Species

Driftnets

Exotic Species Introduction

Fish Aggregation Devices (FADS)

Fisheries Population Crash

Highly Migratory Species

Long-Distance Fishing

Open-Access Fisheries

Overcapitalization

Overfishing

Straddling Stocks

Responses, Strategies, and Institutions

331

(3)

Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 Fish Stocks Agreement)

Allowable Catch (Total Allowable Catch)

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

Fishing Moratorium

Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ)

International Code of Responsible Fishing

International Commission for the Regulation of Whaling (International Whaling Commission [IWC])

International Fisheries Commissions

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

Optimal Sustainable Yield

Marine Environment

334

(1)

Marine Pollution

334

(1)

Bilge Dumping

Contamination

Dumping

Eutrophication

Marine Pollution

Oil Pollution

Oil Spills

Marine Pollution Conventions and Their Implementing Institutions

335

(3)

Baltic Sea Conventions

Barcelona Convention

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (Oslo Convention)

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention [LDC])

Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources (Paris Convention)

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)

Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona Convention)

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)

International Conventions on the Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC 1969; CLC 1992)

International Convention on Oil

Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC)

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

Marine Scientific Research

338

(1)

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)

International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES)

Mineral Resources of the Oceans

338

(2)

Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA)

Enterprise

International Seabed Area (``The Area'')

International Seabed Authority

Outer Space and Electromagnetic Spectrum

Trends, Practices, and Problems

340

(3)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Military Uses of Space

Remote Sensing

Satellites, Artificial

Satellite Power Stations (SPSS)

Space Commercialization

Space Debris

Space Pollution

Space Race

Responses and Strategies

343

(2)

Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Moon Agreement)

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space of 1968 (Rescue Agreement)

Convention for Registration of Objects Launched into Space of 1976 (Registration Convention)

Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Liability Convention)

New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)

Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of Earth from Space

Space Law

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space: Including the Moon and Other Clestial Bodies of 1967 (Outer Space Treaty)

Organizations and Initiatives Related to Outer Space

345

(8)

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)

European Space Agency (ESA)

International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat)

International Space Station

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat)

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

United Nations Programme on Space Applications

World Meterological Organization

Ozone Depletion

Chlorofluorocarbons and Related Compounds

Molina-Rowland Hypothesis

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Ozone Layer Depletion

Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer

Transportation Energy Consumption and Pollution

Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVS)

Car-Pooling Incentives

Catalytic Converters

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) Standards

Fleet Fuel Efficiency Targets

Fuel Efficiency

Intermodal Split

Mass Transit

Non-Point-Source Pollution

Transportation Infrastructure

Transportation-System Maintenance

References

353

(18)

Index

371

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Guide to Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials