Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives

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ISBN: 9780824723613 | 0824723619
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/25/2005

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Covering applications in conventional, hybrid-electric, and electric vehicles, this book provides a comprehensive reference for automotive electrical systems. This authoritative handbook features contributions from an outstanding international panel of experts from industry and academia, highlighting existing and emerging technologies. Divided into five parts, it offers an overview of automotive power systems, discusses semiconductor devices, sensors, and other components, explains different power electronic converters, examines electric machines and associated drives, and details various advanced electrical loads as well as battery technology for automobile applications.

PART I. Automotive Power Systems

(114)

1. Conventional Cars

(18)

Roberto Giral-Castillón, Luis Martinez-Salamero, and Javier Maixé-Altés

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Evolution of the Distribution Electrical System

(3)

1.2.1 Control Strategy and Wiring Topology

(1)

1.2.2 Power Bus Topology

(1)

1.2.3 Components

(1)

1.3 The Conventional System of Electrical Distribution in Automobiles

(1)

1.3.1 Battery and Its Charging System

(1)

1.3.2 Motor Starter System

(1)

1.3.3 Management System

(1)

1.4 Wiring System

(7)

1.4.1 Fuses

(1)

1.4.1.1 Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficient Devices

(1)

1.4.1.2 Smart Power Switches

(1)

1.4.2 Behavior Comparison among the Different Protection Devices

(1)

1.5 Load Control: Automotive Control Network Protocols

(2)

1.5.1 Controller Area Network (CAN)

(1)

1.5.2 Local Interconnect Network (LIN)

(1)

1.5.3 Bytefiight

(1)

1.5.4 Time Triggered Protocol (TTP/C)

(1)

1.6 New Architectures

(1)

1.6.1 Electric Security

(1)

1.6.2 Voltage Effect on the Components

(1)

1.7 Alternative Architectures

(2)

1.7.1 High Frequency AC Bus System

(1)

1.7.2 Dual-Voltage DC Bus

(1)

References

(3)

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles

(16)

John M. Miller

2.1 Parallel Configuration

(3)

2.2 Series Configuration

(2)

2.3 Combination Architectures

(2)

2.4 Grid Connected Hybrids

(2)

References

(2)

3. Hybrid Drivetrains

(18)

M. Ehsani and Yimin Gao

3.1 Concept of Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain

(1)

3.2 Series Hybrid Drivetrain

(2)

3.3 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains

(8)

3.3.1 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains with Torque Coupling

(1)

3.3.1.1 Torque Coupler

(1)

3.3.1.2 Drivetrain Configuration and Operating Characteristics

(5)

3.3.2 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain with Speed Coupling

(1)

3.3.2.1 Speed Coupler

(1)

3.3.2.2 Drivetrain Configurations and Operating Characteristics

(1)

3.4 Drivetrains with Selectable Torque Coupling and Speed Coupling

(2)

3.5 Parallel-Series Hybrid Drivetrain with Torque Coupling and Speed Coupling

(1)

3.6 Fuel Cell-Powered Hybrid Drivetrain

(2)

References

(3)

4. Electric Vehicles

(42)

Ramesh C. Bansal

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

(1)

4.3 Main Components of an EV

(1)

4.3.1 Motors

(1)

4.4 Main Safety Components in an EV

(1)

4.5 Instrumentation

(1)

4.6 Main Auxiliaries in an EV

(3)

4.7 Types of Power Storage Used in EVs

(5)

4.7.1 Batteries

(1)

4.7.2 Types of Batteries Available Today

(3)

4.7.3 Flywheels

(1)

4.7.4 Ultracapacitors

(1)

4.8 Emissions Performance

(1)

4.9 Solar Cars

(1)

4.10 Fuel Cell Cars

(3)

4.10.1 Introduction

(2)

4.10.2 Fuel Cell Cars

(1)

Bibliographical Survey on Electric Vehicles

(1)

References

(24)

5. Optimal Power Management and Distribution in Automotive Systems

(18)

Zheng John Shen, X. Chen, A. Masrur, V.K. Garg, and A. Soltis

5.1 Introduction

(2)

5.2 Automotive Power/Energy Management and Distribution Architecture

(2)

5.2.1 Power Generation

(1)

5.2.2 Energy Storage

100

(1)

5.2.3 Power Bus

100

(1)

5.2.4 Electrical Load

101

(1)

5.2.5 Power Electronics

101

(1)

5.2.6 PMC

101

(1)

5.3 Optimization-Based Power Management System Strategy

101

(3)

5.3.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation

103

(1)

5.3.2 Practical Constraints of Vehicle Components

103

(1)

5.3.3 Uninterruptible Power Availability

103

(1)

5.3.4 Power Quality

103

(1)

5.3.5 System Stability

104

(1)

5.3.6 Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis

104

(1)

5.4 Case Study: Game-Theoretic Optimal Hybrid Electric Vehicle Management and Control Strategy

104

(8)

5.4.1 System Dynamics

105

(1)

5.4.2 Strategy Design

106

(1)

5.4.3 Game-Theoretic Approach

107

(3)

5.4.4 Simulation Results

110

(2)

5.5 Summary

112

(1)

References

112

(3)

PART II. Automotive Semiconductor Devices, Components, and Sensors

115

(114)

6. Automotive Power Semiconductor Devices

117

(42)

Zheng John Shen

6.1 Introduction

117

(3)

6.2 Diodes: The Rectification, Freewheeling, and Clamping Devices

120

(5)

6.2.1 Rectifier Diodes

121

(1)

6.2.2 Freewheeling Diodes

121

(3)

6.2.3 Zener Diodes

124

(1)

6.2.4 Schottky Diode

125

(1)

6.3 Power MOSFETs: The Low-Voltage Load Drivers

125

(14)

6.3.1 MOSFET Basics

127

(2)

6.3.2 MOSFET Characteristics

129

(10)

6.4 IGBTs: The High-Voltage Power Switches

139

(9)

6.4.1 IGBT Basics

141

(5)

6.4.2 IGBT Power Modules

146

(1)

6.4.3 Ignition IGBT

147

(1)

6.5 Power Integrated Circuits and Smart Power Devices

148

(2)

6.6 Emerging Device Technologies: Super-Junction and SiC Devices

150

(4)

6.7 Power Losses and Thermal Management

154

(2)

6.8 Summary

156

(1)

References

156

(3)

7. Ultracapacitors

159

(30)

John M. Miller

7.1 Theory of Electronic Double Layer Capacitance

161

(7)

7.2 Model and Cell Balancing

168

(6)

7.3 Sizing Criteria

174

(3)

7.4 Converter Interface

177

(5)

7.5 Ultracapacitors in Combination with Batteries

182

(5)

References

187

(2)

8. Flywheels

189

(6)

John M. Miller

8.1 Flywheel Theory

189

(3)

8.2 Flywheel Applications in Hybrid Vehicles

192

(1)

8.3 Energy Storage System Outlook

193

(1)

References

194

(1)

9. ESD Protection for Automotive Electronics

195

(18)

Albert Z.H. Wang

9.1 Introduction

195

(1)

9.2 ESD Failures and ESD Test Models

196

(5)

9.3 On-Chip ESD Protection

201

(10)

References

211

(2)

10. Sensors

213

(1)

Mario Marian Canteli

10.1 Introduction

213

(1)

10.2 Architecture of Electronic Control Units

214

(4)

10.3 Voltage and Current Measurement

218

(3)

10.4 Temperature

221

(1)

10.5 Acceleration

222

(1)

10.6 Pressure

223

(1)

10.7 Velocity, Position, and Displacement

223

(1)

10.8 Other Sensors

224

(2)

10.9 Reliability Constraints in Automotive Environment

226

(1)

10.10 Conclusions

226

(1)

References

227

(2)

PART III. Automotive Power Electronic Converters

229

(1)

11. DC-DC Converters

231

(140)

James P. Johnson

11.1 Why DC-DC Converters?

231

(2)

11.2 DC-DC Converter Basics

233

(1)

11.3 DC-DC Converter Types

233

(1)

11.4 Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost Converter Commonalities

234

(3)

11.5 The Buck Converter

237

(2)

11.6 The Boost Converter

239

(1)

11.7 The Buck-Boost Converter

240

(1)

11.8 Isolated Inverter Driven Converters

241

(1)

11.9 Push-Pull Converter

242

(1)

11.10 Half-Bridge

243

(1)

11.11 Full-Bridge

244

(1)

11.12 Other Converter Types

244

(1)

11.13 Control

245

(2)

11.14 Essential Converter Circuits

247

(3)

11.15 Important Points to Consider

250

(1)

11.16 Simulation vs. Analytical Methods

251

(1)

11.17 Loss Calculations

251

(1)

11.18 Power Device Selections

251

(1)

11.19 EMI

252

(1)

11.20 Other Practical Converter Development Considerations

252

(1)

References

253

(2)

12. AC-DC Rectifiers

255

(1)

Byoung-Kuk Lee and Chung-Yean Won

12.1 Diode AC-DC Rectifier

255

(9)

12.1.1 Main Characteristics and Circuit Configuration

255

(1)

12.1.2 Analysis of Three-Phase Full-Bridge Diode Rectifier

255

(1)

12.1.2.1 Circuit without Input Inductors and DC-Link Capacitor

255

(1)

12.1.2.2 Circuit with Input Inductors and DC-Link Capacitor

256

(1)

12.1.2.3 Commutation Analysis Considering Effect of the Input Inductance

257

(2)

12.1.3 Analysis of Input Phase Current and Output Current of Diode Rectifier

259

(1)

12.1.4 Calculation of DC-Link Power

259

(1)

12.1.5 Calculations of DC-Link Capacitor According to Various Load Conditions

260

(1)

12.1.5.1 Case of Continuous Full Load Condition

260

(1)

12.1.5.2 Case of Overload Condition

261

(1)

12.1.5.3 Case of Motor Accelerating Condition

261

(2)

12.1.6 Design of Dynamic Breaking Unit

263

(1)

12.1.6.1 Design Procedure of Dynamic Breaking Resistor

263

(1)

12.2 Thyristor AC-DC Rectifier

264

(7)

12.2.1 Topology and Operation Modes

264

(1)

12.2.2 Fire Angle Control Scheme

264

(1)

12.2.2.1 Linear Fire Angle Control Scheme

265

(1)

12.2.2.2 Cosine Wave Crossing Scheme

267

(1)

12.2.2.3 PLL Scheme

267

(1)

12.2.3 Analysis of Three-Phase Full-Bridge Thyristor Rectifier

268

(1)

12.2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit and Output Voltage

268

(1)

12.2.3.2 Influence of Input Inductance

268

(1)

12.2.3.3 Selection of Input Inductance

271

(1)

References

271

(2)

13. Unbalanced Operation of Three-Phase Boost Type Rectifiers

273

(1)

Ana V. Stankovic

13.1 System Description and Principles of Operation

274

(1)

13.2 Analysis of the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Operating Conditions

275

(4)

13.2.1 Harmonic Reduction in the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Operating Conditions

278

(1)

13.3 Control Methods for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination of the PWM Boost Type Rectifiers under Unbalanced Operating Conditions

279

(14)

13.3.1 Control Method for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination under Unbalanced Input Voltages and Balanced Input Impedances

279

(1)

13.3.1.1 Theoretical Approach

279

(1)

13.3.1.2 Control Method

282

(1)

13.3.1.3 The Physical Meaning of the Proposed Solution in d-q Stationary Frame

283

(4)

13.3.2 Control Method for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination of the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Input Voltages and Unbalanced Input Impedances

287

(1)

Derivation

287

(1)

13.3.2.1 Control Method

291

(2)

13.3 Conclusion

293

(1)

References

294

(1)

14. DC/AC Inverters

295

(1)

Mohan Aware

14.1 DC-to-AC Conversion

295

(3)

14.2 Types of Inverters

298

(1)

14.3 Voltage Source Inverters

299

(9)

14.3.1 Single-Phase Inverters

300

(1)

14.3.1.1 Half-Bridge Inverters

300

(1)

14.3.1.2 Full-Bridge Inverter

301

(3)

14.3.2 Three-Phase Inverters

304

(1)

14.3.2.1 Six-Step Operation

304

(1)

14.3.2.2 Voltage and Frequency Control

309

(1)

14.3.2.3 Motoring and Regeneration Mode

308

(1)

14.4 Current Source Inverters

308

(2)

14.5 Control Techniques

310

(11)

14.5.1 Voltage Control Technique

310

(1)

14.5.1.1 Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) Technique

311

(1)

14.5.1.2 Modulating Function PWM Techniques

312

(1)

14.5.1.3 Voltage Space-Vector PWM Techniques

313

(1)

14.5.1.4 Programmed PWM Techniques

317

(1)

14.5.2 Current Control Technique

318

(1)

14.5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Control

318

(1)

14.5.2.2 Ramp-Comparison Current Control

319

(1)

14.5.2.3 Predictive Current Control

320

(1)

14.5.2.4 Linear Current Control

321

(1)

14.6 Multilevel Inverters

321

(4)

14.7 Hard Switching Effects

325

(1)

14.7.1 Switching Loss

325

(1)

14.7.2 Device Stress

325

(1)

14.7.3 EMI Problems

325

(1)

14.7.4 Effect on Insulation

325

(1)

14.7.5 Machine Bearing Current

325

(1)

14.7.6 Machine Terminal over Voltage

326

(1)

14.8 Resonant Inverters

326

(12)

14.8.1 Soft-Switching Principle

326

(1)

14.8.2 Resonant Link DC Converter (RLDC)

327

(11)

14.9 Auxiliary Automotive Motors Control

338

14.9.1 Commutator Motors

329

(1)

14.9.2 Switched Field Motors

330

(1)

References

331

(2)

15. AC/AC Converters

333

(1)

Mehrdad Kazerani

15.1 Introduction

333

(1)

15.2 AC/AC Converter Topologies

334

(11)

15.2.1 Indirect AC/AC Converter

334

(2)

15.2.2 Direct AC/AC Converter

336

(1)

15.2.2.1 Naturally Commutated Cycloconverter (NCC)

336

(1)

15.2.2.2 Forced-Commutated Cycloconverter (Matrix Converter)

339

(6)

15.3 Summary

345

(1)

References

346

(1)

16. Power Electronics and Control for Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles

347

(1)

Kaushik Rajashekara

16.1 Introduction

347

(1)

16.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

347

(7)

16.2.1 Series Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System

348

(1)

16.2.2 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System

349

(1)

16.2.2.1 Toyota Prius

350

(1)

16.2.2.2 Crankshaft-Mounted Integrated Starter-Generator System

352

(1)

16.2.2.3 Side-Mounted Integrated Starter-Generator

353

(1)

16.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles

354

(5)

16.3.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Propulsion System

355

(3)

16.3.2 Fuel Cell Vehicle Propulsion System Considerations

358

(1)

16.4 Power Electronics Requirements

359

(1)

16.5 Propulsion Motor Control Strategies

360

(4)

16.5.1 Slip Frequency Control

362

(1)

16.5.2 Vector Control of Propulsion Motor

362

(1)

16.5.3 Sensorless Operation

363

(1)

16.6 APU Control System in Series Hybrid Vehicles

364

(2)

16.7 Fuel Cell for APU Applications

366

(3)

References

369

(2)

PART IV. Automotive Motor Drives

371

(1)

17. Brushed-DC Electric Machinery for Automotive Applications

373

(182)

Babak Fahimi

17.1 Fundamentals of Operation

374

(9)

17.1.1 Introduction

374

(3)

17.1.2 Torque Production in Brushed DC-Motor Drives

377

(2)

17.1.3 Impact of Temperature on Performance of a BLDC Drive

379

(4)

17.2 Series Connected DC-Motor Drives

383

(4)

18. Induction Motor Drives

387

(1)

Khaled Nigim

18.1 Introduction

387

(1)

18.2 Torque and Speed Control of Induction Motor

388

(1)

18.3 Basics of Power Electronics Control in Induction Motors

389

(1)

18.4 Induction Motor VSD Operating Modes

390

(3)

18.5 Fundamentals of Scalar and Vector Control for Induction Motors

393

(6)

18.5.1 Scalar Control

393

(1)

18.5.1.1 Open Loop Scalar Control

393

(1)

18.5.1.2 Closed Loop Scalar Control

393

(1)

18.5.2 Fundamentals of Field-Oriented Control (Vector Control) in Induction Motors

394

(1)

18.5.2.1 Field-Oriented Control

394

(1)

18.5.2.2 Direct Torque Control

397

(2)

18.6 Induction Motor Drives for Electric Vehicles

399

(2)

18.7 Conclusion

401

(1)

References

402

(1)

Appendix: Induction Motor Model in the Stationary Frame

403

(2)

19. DSP-Based Implementation of Vector Control of Induction Motor Drives

405

(1)

Hossein Salehfar

19.1 Introduction

405

(1)

19.2 Space Vector Control

405

(5)

19.3 Experimental Results

410

(3)

19.4 Conclusions

413

(1)

References

413

(2)

20. Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

415

(1)

Babak Fahimi and Chris Edrington

20.1 Introduction

415

(1)

20.2 Historical Background

416

(1)

20.3 Fundamentals of Operation

417

(7)

20.4 Fundamentals of Control in SRM Drives

424

(6)

20.4.1 Open Loop Control Strategy for Torque

425

(1)

20.4.1.1 Detection of the Initial Rotor Position

426

(1)

20.4.1.2 Computation of the Commutation Thresholds

427

(1)

20.4.1.3 Monitoring of the Rotor Position and Selection of the Active Phases

428

(1)

20.4.1.4 A Control Strategy for Regulation of the Phase Current at Low Speeds

429

(1)

20.5 Closed Loop Torque Control of the SRM Drive

430

(3)

20.6 Closed Loop Speed Control of the SRM Drive

433

(1)

20.7 Industrial Applications: Vehicular Coolant System

434

(2)

References

436

(1)

21. Noise and Vibration in SRMs

437

(1)

William Cai and Pragasen Pillay

21.1 Introduction

437

(1)

21.2 Numerical Models of SRM Stator Modal Analysis

438

(1)

21.3 Finite Element Results of the Stator Modal Analysis

438

(2)

21.4 Design Selection of Low Vibration SRMs

440

(5)

21.5 The Effects of a Smooth Frame on the Resonant Frequencies

445

(2)

21.6 Conclusions

447

(1)

References

447

(2)

22. Modeling and Parameter Identification of Electric Machines

449

(1)

Ali Keyhani, Wenzhe Lu, and Bogdan Proca

Nomenclature

449

(1)

22.1 Introduction

450

(1)

22.2 Case Study: The Effects of Noise on Frequency-Domain Parameter Estimation of Synchronous Machine

450

(10)

22.2.1 Problem Description

450

(1)

22.2.2 Parameters Estimation Technique

451

(1)

22.3.2.1 Estimation of D-Axis Parameters from the Time Constants

451

(1)

22.3.2.2 Estimation of Q-Axis Parameters

453

(1)

22.2.3 Study Process

453

(1)

22.2.4 Analysis of Results

454

(1)

22.2.4.1 D-Axis Parameter Estimation

454

(5)

22.2.5 Conclusions

459

(1)

22.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Solid-Rotor Synchronous Machine Parameters

460

(8)

22.3.1 Introduction

460

(1)

22.3.2 Standstill Synchronous Machine Model for Time-Domain Parameter Estimation

460

(1)

22.3.2.1 D-Axis Model

460

(1)

22.3.2.2 Q-Axis Model

461

(1)

22.3.3 Effect of Noise on the Process and the Measurement

461

(1)

22.3.4 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation

462

(2)

22.3.5 Estimation Procedure Using SSFR Test Data

464

(1)

22.3.6 Results

465

(3)

22.4 Modeling and Parameter Identification of Induction Machines

468

(22)

22.4.1 Model Identification

469

(3)

22.4.2 Parameter Estimation

472

(1)

22.4.2.1 Estimation of Stator Resistance

473

(1)

22.4.2.2 Estimation of Ll, Lm, and Rr

474

(2)

22.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis

476

(1)

Observation

478

(1)

22.4.4 Parameter Mapping to Operating Conditions

478

(1)

22.4.4.1 Magnetizing Inductance, Lm

479

(1)

22.4.4.2 Leakage Inductance, Ll

480

(1)

22.4.4.3 Rotor Resistance, Rr

480

(3)

22.4.5 Core Loss Estimation

483

(1)

22.4.5.1 Calculation of Rotor Losses at Frequencies of Interest

483

(1)

22.4.5.2 Calculation of Friction and Windage Losses Using ANN

483

(1)

22.4.5.3 Calculation of Core Losses

485

(1)

22.4.5.4 Calculation of Core Resistance

486

(1)

22.4.6 Model Validation

486

(1)

22.4.6.1 Steady-State Power Input

486

(1)

22.4.6.2 Dynamic

486

(1)

22.4.7 Conclusions

487

(3)

22.5 Modeling and Parameter Identification of Switched Reluctance Machines

490

(13)

22.5.1 Introduction

490

(1)

22.5.2 Inductance Model of SRM at Standstill

491

(1)

22.5.2.1 Three-Term Inductance Model

491

(1)

22.5.2.2 Four-Term Inductance Model

492

(1)

22.5.2.3 Five-Term Inductance Model

493

(1)

22.5.2.4 Voltages and Torque Computation

494

(1)

22.5.3 Parameter Identification from Standstill Test Data

494

(1)

22.5.3.1 Standstill Test Configuration

494

(1)

22.5.3.2 Standstill Test Results

495

(2)

22.5.4 Inductance Model of SRM for On-Line Operation

497

(2)

22.5.5 Two-Layer Recurrent Neural Network for Damper Current Estimation

499

(1)

22.5.5.1 Structure of Two-Layer Recurrent Neural Network

499

(1)

22.5.5.2 Training of Neural Network

501

(1)

22.5.6 Estimation Results and Model Validation

501

(1)

22.5.7 Conclusions

501

(2)

References

503

(5)

Appendix A

508

(2)

Appendix B

510

(5)

23. Brushless DC Drives

515

(1)

James P. Johnson

23.1 BLDC Fundamentals

515

(2)

23.2 Control Principles and Strategies

517

(2)

23.3 Torque Production

519

(2)

23.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

521

(2)

23.5 Torque Ripple

523

(2)

23.6 Design Considerations

525

(1)

23.7 Finite Element Analysis and Design Considerations for BLDC

525

(1)

23.8 Permanent Magnets

526

(2)

23.9 BLDC Simulation Model

528

(7)

23.10 Sensorless

535

(1)

References

536

(1)

24. Testing of Electric Motors and Controllers for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

537

(1)

Sung Chul Oh

24.1 Introduction

537

(1)

24.2 Current Status of Standardization of Electric Vehicles

538

(4)

24.2.1 Electric Vehicles and Standardization

538

(1)

24.2.2 Standardization Bodies Active in the Field

539

(1)

24.2.2.1 The International Electrotechnical Commission

539

(1)

24.2.2.2 The International Organization for Standardization

539

(1)

24.2.2.3 Other Regional Organizations

539

(1)

24.2.3 Standardization of Vehicle Components

540

(1)

24.2.4 Standardization Activities in Japan

540

(1)

24.2.4.1 Z108-1994: Measurement of Range and Energy Consumption (at Charger Input)

541

(1)

24.2.4.2 Z109-1995: Acceleration Measurement Test

541

(1)

24.2.4.3 Z110-1995: Test Method for Maximum Cruising Speed

541

(1)

24.2.4.4 Z111-1995: Measurement for Reference Energy Consumption (at Battery Output)

541

(1)

24.2.4.5 Z901-1995: Electric Vehicle: Standard Form of Specifications (Form of Main Specifications)

541

(1)

24.2.4.6 Z112-1996: Electric Vehicle: Standard Measurement of Hill Climbing Ability

541

(1)

24.2.4.7 E701-1994: Combined Power Measurement of Motor and Controller

542

(1)

24.2.4.8 E702-1994: Power Measurement of Motors Equivalent to On-Board Application

542

(1)

24.2.4.9 Japanese Standards Concerning Vehicle Performance and Energy Economy

542

(1)

24.3 Test Procedure Using M-G Set

542

(2)

24.3.1 Electric Motor

542

(1)

24.3.2 Controller

543

(1)

24.3.3 Application of Test Procedure

543

(1)

24.3.4 Analysis of Test Items for the Type Test

543

(1)

24.3.4.1 Motor Test

543

(1)

24.3.4.2 Controller Test (Controller Only)

544

(1)

24.4 Test Procedure Using Eddy Current-Type Engine Dynamometer

544

(2)

24.4.1 Test Strategy

544

(1)

24.4.2 Test Procedure

545

(1)

24.4.3 Discussion on Test Procedure

545

(1)

24.5 Test Procedure Using AC Dynamometer

546

(2)

24.5.1 Test Strategy

546

(1)

24.5.2 Test Items

547

(1)

24.5.3 Test Procedure

547

(1)

24.6 Testing of Electric Motor/Controller in Vehicle Environment

548

(4)

24.6.1 Concept of Hardware in the Loop

548

(1)

24.6.2 HIL Application to Motor/Controller

548

(2)

24.6.3 Test Description

550

(1)

24.6.4 Test Results

550

(2)

24.7 Conclusion

552

(1)

References

553

(2)

PART V. Other Automotive Applications

555

(1)

25. Integrated Starter Alternator

557

(132)

William Cai

25.1 ISA Subsystem in Vehicle Systems

558

(1)

25.2 Powertrain Coupling Architecture

558

(4)

25.2.1 Crankshaft-Mounted ISA Configuration

559

(1)

25.2.2 Offset-Mounted ISA Configuration

560

(2)

25.3 Features and Performances of the ISA System

562

(9)

25.3.1 State of the Art

563

(1)

25.3.2 Features of the ISA Subsystem

564

(1)

25.3.2.1 Initial Cranking and Stop/Start

564

(1)

25.3.2.2 High-Efficient Large-Power Generation

566

(1)

25.3.2.3 Launching Torque Assistant

567

(1)

25.3.2.4 Braking Energy Regeneration

568

(1)

25.3.2.5 Low Loss and Cost via High System Voltage

568

(1)

25.3.2.6 Active Damping Oscillation and Absorbing Vibration

569

(1)

25.3.2.7 Cylinder Shutoff

571

(1)

25.3.2.8 Power APU and Other Electric Loads

571

(1)

25.4 Components in the ISA Subsystem

571

(31)

25.4.1 Electric Machine with Dual-Voltage Output

572

(1)

25.4.2 36 V Battery with 12 V Intermediate Terminal

572

(1)

25.4.3 Typical ISA Electrical System

572

(1)

25.4.4 Multifunction Inverter with a Neutral Inductor

573

(1)

25.4.5 Electric Machine

574

(1)

25.4.5.1 Specifications of the ISA Electric Machine

574

(1)

25.4.5.2 Types of ISA Electric Machines

577

(1)

25.4.5.3 Application Comparison of ISA Electric Machines

594

(1)

25.4.6 DC-AC Inverter and AC-DC Rectifier

595

(1)

25.4.6.1 Configuration of Three-Phase Converter

595

(1)

25.4.6.2 Inverter Configuration of the SRM

598

(1)

25.4.7 DC-to-DC Converter

599

(1)

25.4.7.1 Buck Mode of the DC-to-DC Converter

599

(1)

25.4.7.2 Boost Mode of the DC-to-DC Converter

599

(1)

25.4.7.3 Multifunction Inverter

600

(2)

25.5 ISA System Issues

602

(5)

25.5.1 Energy Storage and ISA System

602

(3)

25.5.2 ISA Cooling Styles

605

(1)

25.5.2.1 Air Cooling

605

(1)

25.5.2.2 Liquid Cooling

606

(1)

25.5.3 Other Issues

607

(1)

25.6 Summary

607

(1)

References

608

(3)

26. Fault Tolerant Adjustable Speed Motor Drives for Automotive Applications

611

(1)

Babak Fahimi

26.1 Introduction

611

(9)

26.1.1 Self-Organizing Controllers

612

(1)

26.1.1.1 Hierarchy of Control Methods in Induction Motor Drives

614

(1)

26.1.1.2 Smooth Transition between Various Control Methods

615

(1)

26.1.1.3 Reconstruction of the Phase Currents

619

(1)

26.2 Digital Delta Hysteresis Regulation

620

(3)

26.2.1 Current Reconstruction Algorithm for DDHR

621

(2)

References

623

(2)

27. Automotive Steering Systems

625

(1)

Tomy Sebastian, Mohammad S. Islam, and Sayeed Mir

27.1 Introduction

625

(1)

27.2 Steering System

625

(5)

27.2.1 Manual Steering

626

(1)

27.2.2 Hydraulically Assisted Steering

627

(1)

27.2.3 Electrohydraulic Power Steering

628

(1)

27.2.4 Electric Power Steering

629

(1)

27.3 Advanced Steering Systems

630

(1)

27.3.1 Four-Wheel Steering

631

(1)

27.3.2 Future-Generation Steering Systems

631

(1)

References

631

(2)

28. Current Intensive Motor Drives: A New Challenge for Modern Vehicular Technology

633

(1)

Babak Fahimi

28.1 Background

633

(1)

28.2 Magnetic Design of Current Intensive Motor Drives

634

(3)

28.3 Stability Considerations in Multiconverter Systems

637

(2)

28.4 Energy Transfer

639

(1)

28.5 Impact on Control

640

(1)

29. Power Electronics Applications in Vehicle and Passenger Safety

641

(1)

D.M.G. Preethichandra and Saman Kumara Halgamuge

29.1 Introduction

641

(1)

29.2 Power Electronics in Vehicle Safety

641

(9)

29.2.1 The CAN Bus Used to Network Vehicle Power Electronic Modules

642

(2)

29.2.2 Engine Safety Systems

644

(4)

29.2.3 Antitheft Alarm Systems

648

(1)

29.2.4 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

649

(1)

29.2.5 Reverse Sensing and Parking System

650

(1)

29.3 Power Electronics in Passenger Safety

650

(4)

29.3.1 Seatbelt Control Systems

651

(1)

29.3.2 Power Window Safety Systems

652

(1)

29.3.3 Airbags

653

(1)

29.3.4 Driver Assistance Systems and Stress Monitoring

653

(1)

29.4 Conclusions

654

(1)

Acknowledgments

654

(1)

References

655

(2)

30. Drive and Control System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

657

(1)

Weng Keong Kevin Lim, Saman Kumara Halgamuge, and Harry Charles Watson

30.1 Introduction

657

(2)

30.2. Control Strategy

659

(10)

30.2.1 Thermostat Series Control Strategy

660

(1)

30.2.2 Series Power Follower Control Strategy

660

(1)

30.2.3 Parallel ICE Assist Control Strategy

661

(1)

30.2.4 Parallel Electrical Assist Control Strategy

662

(2)

30.2.5 Adaptive Control Strategy

664

(1)

30.2.6 Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy

665

(4)

30.3 Power Electronic Control System and Strategy

669

(3)

30.4 Current HEVs and Their Control Strategies

672

(2)

30.4.1 Honda Insight

672

(1)

30.4.2 Toyota Prius

673

(1)

30.5 Conclusion

674

(1)

References

674

(3)

31. Battery Technology for Automotive Applications

677

(1)

Dell A. Crouch

31.1 Introduction

677

(5)

31.1.1 Battery Technology

678

(1)

31.1.1.1 Valve Regulated Batteries

680

(1)

31.1.2 Present Automotive Battery Requirements

680

(1)

31.1.2.1 Battery Performance Requirements

681

(1)

31.1.2.2 Battery Charging Requirements

681

(1)

31.1.2.3 Battery Termination Standards

682

(1)

31.2 Future Automotive Batteries

682

(3)

31.3 Combinations of Batteries and Ultracapacitors

685

(1)

31.4 Battery Monitoring and Charge Control

685

(1)

31.5 Conclusion

686

(1)

References

687

(2)

Index

689

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Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials