Handbook of Globalization And the Environment

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ISBN: 9781574445534 | 1574445537
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/5/2007

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Proponents of globalization argue that it protects the global environment from degradation and promotes worldwide sustainable economic growth while opponents argue the exact opposite. Examining the local, national, and international impacts of globalization, the Handbook of Globalization and the Environment explores strategies and solutions that support healthy economic growth, protect the environment, and create a more equitable world.The book sets the stage with coverage of global environmental issues and policies. It explores international sustainable development, the evolution of global warming policy, transborder air pollution, desertification, space and the global environment, and human right to water. Building on this foundation, the editors discuss global environmental organizations and institutions with coverage of the UN's role in globalization, the trade-environment nexus, the emergence of NGOs, and an analysis of the state of global environmental knowledge and awareness from an international and comparative perspective.Emphasizing the effects of increasingly integrated global economy on the environment and society, the book examines environmental management and accountability. It addresses green procurement, provides an overview of U.S. environmental regulation and the current range of voluntary and mandatory pollution prevention mechanisms in use, explores a two-pronged approach to establishing a sustainable procurement model, and examines a collaborative community-based approach to environmental regulatory compliance. The book concludes with an analysis of controversial issues, such as eco-terrorism, North-South disputes, environmental justice, the promotion of economic growth through globalization in less developed countries, and the ability of scientists to communicate ideas so that policy makers can use science in decision making.

Globalization and the Environment: an Introduction	p. 1
Overview	p. 1
The Conceptual Meaning of Globalization	p. 2
Perspectives on Sustainable Economic Growth	p. 2
Globalization, the Environment, and Sustainable Economic Growth	p. 2
Globalization and Sustainable Economic Growth	p. 3
Globalization and a Sustainable Environment	p. 4
Book Contents	p. 5
Part One: Global Environmental Issues and Policies	p. 5
Part Two: Global Environmental Organizations and Institutions	p. 8
Part Three: Environmental Management and Accountability	p. 10
Part Four: Controversies in Globalization and the Environment	p. 12
Acknowledgments	p. 14
References	p. 14
Global Environmental Issues and Policies
Sustainable Development in an International Perspective	p. 19
The Movement toward Sustainable Development	p. 19
Definition	p. 19
From Stockholm to Rio, Kyoto, and Beyond	p. 20
Growth as a Challenge to Sustainable Development	p. 22
Sustainable Development in the United States	p. 26
National Strategies and Good Practices in OECD Countries	p. 28
Policy Integration	p. 30
Intergenerational Timeframe	p. 31
Analysis and Assessments	p. 32
Indicators and Targets	p. 33
Coordination and Institutions	p. 34
Local and Regional Governance	p. 35
Stakeholder Participation	p. 36
Monitoring and Evaluation	p. 37
Conclusion	p. 39
References	p. 40
European Global Warming Policy	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
The European Union Commission	p. 43
Climate Change Treaty Structure	p. 47
EU Involvement	p. 48
The Kyoto Conference	p. 50
Trading	p. 53
The Individual European Countries	p. 55
Conclusion	p. 60
References	p. 60
Transborder Air Pollution	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Air Pollution	p. 62
Causes	p. 62
Acid Deposition	p. 63
Countries Significantiy Affected by Transborder Air Pollution	p. 63
Europe	p. 63
Russia	p. 64
United States and Canada	p. 64
United States and Mexico	p. 65
China and Japan	p. 65
The Globalization Effect	p. 65
WTO	p. 66
NAFTA	p. 66
Viewpoints of the Relationship between Trade Liberalization and the Environment	p. 66
International Environmental Regimes	p. 67
Trail Smelter Dispute	p. 68
LRTAP	p. 69
MOI	p. 71
La Paz	p. 72
Conclusion: Future Trends in Transborder Air Pollution Control	p. 72
References	p. 75
Desertification	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Desertification as a Global Issue	p. 78
The Issue at Stake: Dryland Degradation	p. 78
A Brief History of Desertification	p. 81
Desertification and Global Interdependence	p. 82
Agricultural Trade Liberalization	p. 83
Climate Change and Loss of Biological Diversity	p. 84
Governing Global Desertification	p. 85
The Political Globalization of Desertification	p. 85
The UNCCD Process in its First Decade	p. 87
Summary and Outlook	p. 90
References	p. 91
The Environmental Frontier of Space	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Conceptual Framework	p. 96
Space and the Home Planet	p. 96
Space in the Environment-Energy Decade	p. 97
The Ozone Hole	p. 99
Mission to Planet Earth and Earth Observation System	p. 99
Landsat	p. 100
Near-Earth Orbit	p. 102
The Commercial Significance of Geosynchronous Orbit	p. 102
Policy Problems of Geosynchronous/Geostationary Orbit	p. 104
Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 105
The Role of International Telecommunications Union	p. 106
Space Debris	p. 106
The Outer Space Treaty	p. 107
Deep Space as Environment	p. 108
The Moon	p. 108
Mars	p. 109
Beyond	p. 110
Conclusion	p. 111
References	p. 112
Human Rights to Water	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Addressing the Variables that Affect Access	p. 116
Distribution, Supply, and Demand	p. 116
Pollution	p. 118
Toward Human Rights to Water	p. 119
Integrated Water Resources Management	p. 120
What is a Human Right to Water?	p. 121
Challenges	p. 123
International Trade	p. 125
Implications of a Human Right to Water	p. 126
Alternatives	p. 129
Conclusions	p. 130
References	p. 132
Global Environmental Organizations and Institutions
Global Environmental Governance	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
The Concept of Global Environmental Governance	p. 138
Characteristics of Global Environmental Governance	p. 141
Increased Segmentation: Complexity through Fragmentation	p. 141
Increased Participation; Diversity through Inclusion	p. 142
Increased Privatization: Negotiation through Partnerships	p. 144
Current Reform Debates	p. 144
Segmentation: the Debate on a United Nations Environment Organization	p. 145
Participation and Privatization: Institutionalizing Civil Society Involvement	p. 148
Conclusion	p. 149
References	p. 150
The Role of the United Nations: from Stockholm to Johannesburg	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Stockholm, 1972; Convention on the Human Environment	p. 158
Creation of the UNEP	p. 158
Initial Multilateral Environmental Agreements, 1972-1987	p. 159
Brundtland Report, 1987	p. 160
Rio De Janeiro, 1992: the Earth Summit and Agenda 21	p. 161
The Rio Declaration	p. 161
Agenda 21	p. 161
The Convention on Climate Change	p. 162
The Convention on Biodiversity	p. 162
Commission on Sustainable Development	p. 162
Rio +5	p. 163
Summary of Rio Conference	p. 163
The Millennium Development Goals, 2000	p. 163
Johannesburg, 2002: Renewal of Commitments	p. 166
Additional Conventions and Secretariats, 1993-2002	p. 166
Beyond the 2002 Earth Summit	p. 167
Rio Declaration	p. 170
Annex I	p. 170
Excerpt from the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development	p. 174
References	p. 174
The World Trade Organization: Free Trade and Its Environmental Impacts	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
What Impact and How to Assess It?	p. 178
Classical Assumptions about the Impact of Trade Liberalization	p. 178
Looking for a Signpost: the WTO's Effect on Domestic and International Environmental Policies and Standards	p. 180
The WTO's Environmentally Relevant Institutions	p. 182
The Old GATT and the Environment	p. 183
WTO Bodies of Environmental Relevance	p. 184
WTO Rules of Environmental Relevance	p. 185
Conflicts between WTO Law and Domestic Environmental Law	p. 187
Cases on Issues of Species Protection and Biological Diversity: Direct Import Restrictions	p. 188
Cases on Human Health Issues: Risk Assessment, Prior Informed Consent, and Labeling Requirements	p. 190
Conclusion: the WTO is Taking Over	p. 192
Conflicts between WTO Law and Multilateral Environmental Agreements	p. 193
Increasing Institutional Overlap and Conflict among International Institutions	p. 193
The Basel Convention, Cites and the Montreal Protocol: Direct Import Restrictions	p. 194
The Climate Change Regime: Mix of Direct and Indirect Trade Restrictions	p. 196
The Convention on Biological Diversity: Benefit-Sharing, Prior Informed Consent and Labeling Requirements	p. 198
Conclusion: No Dispute, No Problem?	p. 201
Strategies and Proposals to Improve WTO Compatibility with Environmental Law	p. 203
A Solution under the Legal Status Quo?	p. 203
Initiatives from the Inside	p. 204
Suggestions from the Outside	p. 206
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 209
References	p. 212
United Nations Conferences and the Legitimization of Environmental NGOs	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Conceptualizing NGO Growth	p. 218
NGOs and Environment Discourse: between Stockholm and Johannesburg	p. 220
Stockholm (1972)	p. 221
Implications for NGOs	p. 222
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992	p. 223
Implications for NGOs	p. 225
Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002	p. 226
Implications for NGOs	p. 228
Prescriptive Thoughts	p. 228
Conclusion	p. 230
References	p. 231
Global Academia: the State of Environmental Learning and Awareness	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Why is Environmental Learning Important?	p. 235
Correlates and Sources of Environmental Knowledge and Awareness	p. 237
Information Sources	p. 238
Formal Environmental Education	p. 240
State of Global Environmental Awareness	p. 240
Approaches to Increasing Environmental Awareness	p. 244
Developing Countries	p. 245
Postcommunist Countries	p. 247
Postindustrial Countries	p. 248
Conclusion	p. 250
References	p. 251
Environmental Management and Accountability
Government Green Procurement in the U.S.: an Approach to Meeting Global Environmental Challenges	p. 259
Introduction: Global Environmental Challenges	p. 259
The U.S. Environmental Framework	p. 260
What is "Green" Procurement?	p. 261
Evolution of Green Procurement in Federal Government	p. 262
Green Procurement in U.S. State and Local Governments	p. 268
Adopting and Implementing Green Procurement	p. 270
Green Procurement Policies: Mandatory versus Voluntary	p. 270
Integrating Green Procurement	p. 271
Strategies for Green Procurement Implementation	p. 272
Price Preferences	p. 273
Green Specifications	p. 273
"Best Value" Approach and Life Cycle Analysis	p. 274
Setting Green Procurement Goals	p. 275
Raising Awareness about Green Procurement	p. 275
"Green Teams"	p. 276
Cooperative Green Procurement Efforts	p. 277
Challenges Facing Green Procurement	p. 277
Conclusion: Assessing Government's Green Procurement Efforts	p. 281
References	p. 286
Environmental Management	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
U.S. Environmental Regulation	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Legislative History	p. 290
Pollution Prevention	p. 291
Current Regulatory Options	p. 291
Systems Analysis	p. 292
System Characteristics and Policy Implications	p. 292
Context	p. 293
Environmental Management Systems	p. 297
Background	p. 297
Systems Analysis	p. 299
Better Alignment	p. 299
Decreased Resistance	p. 299
Enhanced Use of Information	p. 300
Increased Range of Response	p. 300
Stronger Foundation	p. 300
Tighter Feedback Loops	p. 300
Research Data	p. 301
Systems Research	p. 301
Stakeholder Participation	p. 301
Future Research	p. 303
References	p. 304
Sustainable Waterfront Development in the Great Lakes Basin	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Waterfront Growth, Decline and Redevelopment in the Great Lakes Basin	p. 313
Urban Sustainability as a Framework for Waterfront Regeneration	p. 316
Case Studies	p. 317
Selection of Cases	p. 317
Waterfront Redevelopment Cases	p. 318
Toronto, Ontario, Canada	p. 318
Chicago-Calumet, Illinois, United States	p. 320
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada	p. 322
Cleveland, Ohio, United States	p. 325
Discussion	p. 328
Shared Historic Experiences	p. 328
Land	p. 329
Political System	p. 329
The Timeframe of Planning	p. 330
Sustainability as a Waterfront Planning Framework	p. 330
Acknowledgments	p. 331
References	p. 331
Getting Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Sustainability at the Same Time: What Matters, What Doesn't?	p. 335
Introduction	p. 335
Research Methods	p. 337
Performance Outcomes	p. 338
Explaining the Policy Performance of the Uzbek WUAs	p. 343
Formal Institutions: form and Function	p. 343
The Physical Wealth Framework	p. 346
Informal Institutions: the Social Side of the Street	p. 347
The Three Frameworks and the Policy Results: How Do They Measure Up?	p. 350
Conclusion	p. 351
Crop Productivity Data	p. 353
Participation and Awareness Index	p. 354
Levels and Sources of Outside Help	p. 354
WUA, Outside Support Crosstabulation Results	p. 355
Egalitarian and Accountability Indexes	p. 355
Egalitarian Decision-Making Index	p. 355
Accountability Index	p. 356
Acknowledgments	p. 356
References	p. 356
Sustainability Issues in Public Procurement	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Government Spending	p. 359
Sustainable or Green Procurement?	p. 359
Implementation through a Procurement Code	p. 360
Brief Background	p. 361
What is "Sustainable"?	p. 361
Experience of U.S. Forest Service	p. 361
Sustainability at Various Levels	p. 363
Summary of Programs	p. 365
Implementation in the U.S.: National and Local	p. 366
U.N. to National Level	p. 367
U.N. to U.K. and Concerning EU	p. 367
U.S. Involvement in the U.N.: Millennium Challenge Account	p. 367
U.S. National Level to Local Level	p. 368
Objective Definitions for "Sustainable" in a Procurement Code	p. 369
Example: the Mirra Chain and Aluminum	p. 369
Example: Sustainable Buildings	p. 371
Harmonization of Procurement Codes and Sustainable Codes	p. 372
Conclusion	p. 376
References	p. 377
Managing Nuclear Waste	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
How is Nuclear Waste Categorized?	p. 382
Distinguishing Attributes of Nuclear Material	p. 385
The Regulatory Framework	p. 386
Yucca Mountain	p. 387
Policy Modifications Resulting from the "Global War on Terror"	p. 391
Effect of the Kyoto Protocol	p. 392
Conclusion	p. 393
Warnings across Millennia	p. 394
	p. 396
References	p. 396
Inter-Agency Collaborative Approaches to Endangered Species Act Compliance and Salmon Recovery in the Pacific Northwest	p. 401
Introduction	p. 401
Legal and Physical Setting	p. 403
Background	p. 403
The NOAA Response	p. 404
The WDFW Response	p. 405
Strategy for Implementation	p. 406
The Methow Valley	p. 407
Background	p. 407
Okanogan County Memorandum of Understanding	p. 409
Compliance in the Methow Valley	p. 409
MOU Negotiations Fail	p. 410
The Walla Walla River Basin	p. 410
Background	p. 410
A Take Occurs in the Walla Walla Basin	p. 410
Compliance Issues in the Walla Walla River Basin	p. 411
The Environmental Advocacy Component	p. 412
Compliance in the Walla Walla Basin-Cooperation Rather than Confrontation	p. 413
The Cooperative Compliance Initiative	p. 413
Interim Outcomes in the Walla Walla	p. 414
Methods	p. 415
Defining Success	p. 415
The Need to Measure Outcomes	p. 415
Findings	p. 417
Demographic Factors	p. 417
Environmental and Political Values	p. 418
Level of Trust in Key Actors	p. 422
Support for the ESA	p. 423
Citizen Perceptions of Good Faith Bargaining	p. 424
Discussion	p. 425
Conclusion	p. 426
References	p. 427
Controversies in Globalization and the Environment
Eco-Terrorism: a Natural Reaction to Violence?	p. 433
Introduction to a Cause	p. 433
Definitions, Semantics, and a Common Syntax	p. 435
Direct Action in a Contemporary Context	p. 438
Causal Factors: Self-Defense, Environmental Preservation, and Anti-Global Rhetoric	p. 439
Defining Anti-Globalism	p. 441
Implications for the Future	p. 442
Remedies	p. 443
Conclusions	p. 445
References	p. 446
Globalization, Environmental Challenges and North-South Issues	p. 449
Introduction	p. 449
Globalization	p. 450
Introduction	p. 450
Theories on Globalization: Modernization versus Re-colonization	p. 450
Impacts of Globalization: Enrichment versus Impoverishment	p. 452
Managed Governance: Anarchy versus Rule-Based Order	p. 454
Spontaneous Globalization: Autonomous versus Orchestrated	p. 455
Inferences	p. 457
Are Resources and Environmental Space Limited?	p. 457
Introduction	p. 457
The Goal: Development versus Sustainable Development	p. 457
The Resource Base: Limited or Unlimited?	p. 459
Environmental Space: Property or Human rights?	p. 460
Inferences	p. 460
A Brief History of North-South Issues	p. 461
Introduction	p. 461
North-South: Moot or Passe?	p. 461
UN Politics: Development versus Environment	p. 462
G-77 Power: Ebb and Flow	p. 462
The Emerging Powers: Friend or Foe	p. 463
Inferences	p. 463
North-South Problems in Global Governance	p. 464
Introduction	p. 464
Problem Definition: Scaling Up to Gain Control; Scaling Down to Avoid Responsibility	p. 464
Dilemmas: To Do or Not to Do	p. 465
Negotiation Challenges	p. 466
Negotiation Outcomes	p. 466
Inferences	p. 467
Conclusion	p. 467
Acknowledgments	p. 468
References	p. 468
Environmental Justice: a Global Perspective	p. 473
Introduction	p. 473
Literature Review	p. 474
Chronological History of the Environmental Justice Movement in the United States	p. 474
Environmental Justice Received National Recognition	p. 475
President Clinton Formally Addressed Environmental Justice	p. 477
Analysis of Recent Environmental Justice Literature	p. 478
Global Environmental Justice Issues	p. 481
Environmental Pollution in Developing Nations	p. 482
Corporate Transnational Environmental Crime	p. 483
Cases of Global Environmental Injustice	p. 484
Nigeria's Ogoniland: a Region of Contrasts	p. 484
Post-Apartheid South Africa	p. 485
United States-Mexican Border Region	p. 486
Conclusion	p. 487
Acknowledgments	p. 488
References	p. 489
Globalization and Growth of Developing Countries	p. 491
The Globalization Process	p. 491
Effects of Globalization on LDCs	p. 495
What Should LDCs Do?	p. 499
The Necessity of a Market Economy	p. 499
Opportunity Provided by Globalization	p. 500
Costs, Prices, Product Qualities, and Technological Innovations	p. 501
Institutional Factors	p. 502
Role of the Government	p. 503
Attractiveness and Competitiveness of a Nation	p. 505
Emphasis on Manufactures and High-Technology Products	p. 506
Environmental Consequence of Growth	p. 508
A Growth Model as a Guide for Policy Formulation	p. 509
Demand for Export Function	p. 510
Demand for Import Function	p. 510
Balance of Payments Equilibrium Condition	p. 510
Wage Setting Condition	p. 513
Verdoorn's Law	p. 513
Balance of Payment Equilibrium Growth	p. 514
Empirical Estimation of Parameters	p. 515
Policy Implication of Globalization	p. 515
Conclusion	p. 518
	p. 519
	p. 520
Wage Cost	p. 520
Increasing Returns to Scale	p. 521
Capital Inflows	p. 521
Inflation	p. 521
Expansion of the World Economy	p. 522
Currency Devaluation	p. 522
References	p. 522
Complexity and the Science-Policy Interface	p. 527
Introduction	p. 527
Complex and Contentious Problems	p. 528
Shifting Views of Science	p. 529
Institutional Change	p. 532
Practical Strategies for Managing the Interface	p. 536
Question-Framing	p. 537
Problem Definition	p. 537
Formulation of Scientific Research Questions	p. 539
Models as Tools to Assist Development of Shared Understanding	p. 540
Boundary Organizations	p. 542
Process Design Considerations	p. 545
Conclusion	p. 547
Acknowledgments	p. 548
References	p. 548
Multi-Party Environmental Negotiations: the Democratizing Nations of Mexico and Ecuador	p. 553
Introduction	p. 553
Negotiations within Latin American Countries	p. 555
Mexico	p. 555
Mexican Environmental Politics and Management	p. 556
The Mexican State	p. 557
Mexican Environmental Negotiations: the Actors	p. 558
Genuine Inclusion or Superficial Change? The Gray Whale Controversy	p. 559
Mexican Environmental Negotiations: Gray Whales and the Desert Biosphere Reserve	p. 560
Mexican Environmental Negotiations: Lessons from the Gray Whale Controversy	p. 562
Ecuador	p. 563
Ecuadorian Environmental Politics and Management	p. 564
Problems of Institutional Legitimacy	p. 565
Ecuadorian Environmental "Negotiations": the Actors	p. 566
Ecuadorian Environmental Negotiations: the Case of Cayapas-Mataje	p. 568
Ecuadorian Environmental Negotiations: Lessons from the Case of Cayapas-Mataje	p. 569
Conclusion	p. 570
References	p. 572
Index	p. 575
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Handbook of Globalization And the Environment

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