Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemicals

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ISBN: 9780071410373 | 0071410376
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/12/2005

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The definitive guide for the general chemical analyses of non-petroleum based organic products such as paints, dyes, oils, fats, and waxes.* Chemical tables, formulas, and equations * Covers all of the chemical processes which utilize organic chemicals * Physical properties for the most common organic chemicalsContents:Safety Considerations in ProcessIndustries * Industrial Pollution Prevention and Waste Management * Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes * Soaps and Detergents * Sugar and Other Sweeteners * Paints, Pigments,and Industrial Coatings * Dyestuffs, Finishing and Dyeing of Textiles * Industrial Fermentation * Pharmaceutical Industry *Agrochemicals * Chemical Explosives * Petroleum Processing and Petrochemicals *Polymers and Plastics

Contributors

vii

Preface

Chapter 1. Introduction: An Overview of the Chemical Process Industry and Primary Raw Materials

(10)

1.1 The Chemical Process Industry

(1)

1.2 Development of the Chemical Industry

(1)

1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry

(2)

1.4 Raw Materials, Manufacturing, and Engineering

(3)

1.5 Environmental Aspects

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2. Safety Considerations in Process Industries

(38)

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and PSM (Process Safety Management)

(2)

2.3 Incident Statistics and Financial Aspects

(1)

2.4 Safety Decision Hierarchy

(1)

2.5 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA)

(1)

2.6 Types of Hazards in Industries

(22)

2.6.1 Heat and temperature

(1)

2.6.2 Pressure hazards

(2)

2.6.3 Electrical hazards

(2)

2.6.4 Mechanical hazards

(1)

2.6.5 Toxic materials

(3)

2.6.6 Fire and explosion

(3)

2.6.7 Accelerator and falling objects

(1)

2.6.8 Confined space

(2)

2.6.9 Radiation

(4)

2.6.10 Noise and vibrations

(2)

2.6.11 Ergonomics

(1)

2.7 Risk Management Plan

(7)

2.7.1 The role of safety personnel

(1)

2.7.2 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

(3)

2.7.3 Appraising plant safety and practices

(1)

2.7.4 Planning for emergencies

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 3. Industrial Pollution Prevention

(36)

3.1 Definition of Industrial Waste

(1)

3.2 types of Industrial Wastes

(3)

3.2.1 Classification of industrial waste

(2)

3.3 Public Concern over Pollution

(2)

3.4 Legislation to Waste Management

(1)

3.5 Industrial Pollution Prevention

(1)

3.6 Assessment of Industrial Pollution Prevention

(3)

3.6.1 Assessment of waste generation

(1)

3.6.2 Feasibility of the industrial pollution prevention

(1)

3.6.3 Feasibility implementation

(2)

3.7 Waste Management

(3)

3.7.1 Procedural change

(2)

3.7.2 Technology change

(1)

3.7.3 Input material change

(1)

3.7.4 Product change

(1)

3.8 Recycling

(5)

3.8.1 Options in recycling

(1)

3.8.2 Recycling technologies

(3)

3.9 Waste Treatment

(91)

3.9.1 Physical treatment

(3)

3.9.2 Chemical treatment

(2)

3.9.3 Biological treatment

(2)

3.10 Waste Disposal by Incineration

(8)

3.10.1 Rotary kiln incinerators

(1)

3.10.2 Liquid injection incinerators (LII)

(2)

3.10.3 Fluidized bed incinerators

(1)

3.10.4 Multiple-hearth incinerators

(4)

Chapter 4. Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes

(38)

4.1 Introduction

(2)

4.2 Fatty Acids

(4)

4.3 Glycerides

(2)

4.4 Physical Properties of Triglycerides

(4)

4.4.1 Melting point

(1)

4.4.2 Specific heat

(1)

4.4.3 Viscosity

(2)

4.4.4 Density

(1)

4.4.6 Refractive index

(1)

4.4.6 Polymorphism

(1)

4.4.7 Other physical properties

(2)

4.5 Chemical Properties of Triglycerides

(4)

4.5.1 Hydrolysis

(1)

4.5.2 Methanolysis

(1)

4.5.3 Interesterification

(1)

4.5.4 Hydrogenation

(1)

4.5.5 Isomerization

100

(1)

4.5.6 Polymerization

100

(1)

4.5.7 Autoxidation

100

(2)

4.6 Sources of Edible Oils and Main Fats

102

(1)

4.7 Oils and Fats: Processing and Refining

103

(12)

4.8 Fats and Oils Stability and Antioxidants

115

(3)

4.9 Methods of Analysis and Testing of Fats and Oils

118

(3)

4.9.1 Identification and compositional analysis

118

(2)

4.9.2 Quality control tests

120

(1)

References

121

(2)

Chapter 5. Soaps and Detergents

123

(40)

5.1 Soap

123

(7)

5.1.1 Introduction

123

(1)

5.1.2 History

124

(1)

5.1.3 Raw materials

125

(1)

5.1.4 Chemistry of soaps

125

(1)

5.1.5 Classification of soaps

126

(1)

5.1.6 Manufacturing of soaps

127

(3)

5.1.7 Environmental aspects

130

(1)

5.2 Detergent

130

(26)

5.2.1 Introduction and history

130

(2)

5.2.2 Principle groups of synthetic detergents

132

(1)

5.2.3 Surfactants

133

(11)

5.2.4 Inorganic builders

144

(5)

5.2.5 Sundry organic builders

149

(4)

5.2.6 Manufacturing of detergents

153

(3)

5.3 Environmental Aspects

156

(3)

5.3.1 Emissions and controls

156

(1)

5.3.2 Wastewater and the environment

157

(1)

5.3.3 Biodegradation

158

(1)

5.4 Economic Aspects

159

(1)

References

160

(3)

Chapter 6. Sugar

163

(38)

6.1 Introduction

163

(1)

6.2 The Chemistry of Saccharides

164

(3)

6.3 Properties of Sucrose

167

(1)

6.4 Historical Survey and World Production

168

(2)

6.5 Cane Sugar

170

(14)

6.5.1 Raw sugar manufacture

170

(10)

6.5.2 Refining of raw sugar

180

(4)

6.6 Beet Sugar

184

(5)

6.7 Other Sugars

189

(2)

6.8 By-Products of the Sugar Industry

191

(1)

6.9 Other Sweeteners

192

(279)

6.9.1 Acesulfame-K

194

(1)

6.9.2 Alitame

194

(1)

6.9.3 Aspartame

195

(1)

6.9.4 Cyclamate

195

(1)

6.9.5 Saccharin

196

(1)

6.9.6 Sucralose

197

(1)

6.10 Sugar Analysis

197

(1)

References

198

(3)

Chapter 7. Paints, Pigments, and Industrial Coatings

201

(58)

7.1 Introduction

201

(3)

7.2 Constituents of Paints

204

(27)

7.2.1 Pigments

204

(5)

7.2.2 Inorganic pigments

209

(8)

7.2.3 Organic pigments

217

(4)

7.2.4 Binders

221

(5)

7.2.5 Solvents

226

(1)

7.2.6 Additives

227

(4)

7.3 Paint Formulation

231

(3)

7.4 Paint Manufacture

234

(12)

7.4.1 Pigment dispersion

234

(3)

7.4.2 Processing operations

237

(1)

7.4.3 Classification and types of paints

238

(7)

7.4.4 Varnishes

245

(1)

7.4.5 Lacquers

245

(1)

7.5 Paint Application and Causes for Paint Failure

246

(8)

7.5.1 Techniques of paint application

246

(2)

7.5.2 Causes for paint failure

248

(6)

7.6 Testing and Quality Control

254

(1)

7.7 Environmental Impacts and Risks

255

(1)

References

256

(3)

Chapter 8. Dyes: Chemistry and Applications

259

(30)

8.1 Introduction

259

(1)

8.2 Colorants

260

(1)

8.3 Classification of Dyes

261

(7)

8.4 Textile Fibers

268

(4)

8.5 The Application of Dyes

272

(2)

8.6 Intermediates

274

(12)

8.6.1 Miscellaneous reactions

285

(1)

8.7 Manufacture of Dyes

286

(1)

8.8 Environmental and Health Aspects

287

(1)

References

288

(1)

Chapter 9. Industrial Fermentation

289

(42)

9.1 Introduction and History

290

(2)

9.2 Biochemical and Processing Aspects

292

(12)

9.2.1 Overview

292

(1)

9.2.2 Microorganisms

293

(3)

9.2.3 Culture development

296

(2)

9.2.4 Process development

298

(2)

9.2.5 Bioreactors

300

(3)

9.2.6 Downstream processing

303

(1)

9.2.7 Animal and plant cell cultures

304

(1)

9.3 Food and Feed Treatment by Fermentation

304

(7)

9.3.1 Food conservation

304

(5)

9.3.2 Feed and agriculture

309

(1)

9.3.3 Single cell protein (SCP)

309

(2)

9.4 Industrial Chemicals by Fermentation

311

(7)

9.4.1 Ethanol

311

(1)

9.4.2 Other industrial alcohols

312

(1)

9.4.3 Organic acids

313

(1)

9.4.4 Amino acids

314

(2)

9.4.5 Vitamins

316

(1)

9.4.6 Industrial enzymes

317

(1)

9.5 Pharmaceutical Products by Fermentation

318

(5)

9.5.1 Pharmaceuticals by direct fermentation

318

(1)

9.5.2 Pharmaceuticals via biotransformation

319

(3)

9.5.3 Biopolymers

322

(1)

9.6 Environmental Biotechnology

323

(4)

9.7 Social and Economic Aspects

327

(1)

Bibliography

328

(3)

Chapter 10. The Pharmaceutical Industry

331

(50)

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Use and Economic Aspects

332

(5)

10.3 Discovery and Development of Drugs

337

(10)

10.3.1 Introduction

337

(2)

10.3.2 Classical drug discovery and early development

339

(2)

10.3.3 Modern drug discovery

341

(3)

10.3.4 Preclinical testing

344

(1)

10.3.5 Clinical testing

345

(2)

10.4 Classification and the Chemistry of Pharmaceutical Products

347

(18)

10.4.1 The analgesics

347

(4)

10.4.2 Antiallergy and antiasthmatic drugs

351

(2)

10.4.3 Antibacterials and antibiotics

353

(4)

10.4.4 Antidepressants

357

(2)

10.4.5 Antiepileptics

359

(1)

10.4.6 Antihypertensives

359

(2)

10.4.7 Antiulcers

361

(1)

10.4.8 Antipsychotic agents

362

(1)

10.4.9 Diuretics

363

(1)

10 4.10 Contraceptives

364

(1)

10.4.11 Vitamins

364

(1)

10.5 Industrial Processes in Pharmaceutical Industry

365

(5)

10.5.1 Research and development

366

(1)

10.5.2 Chemical manufacturing

366

(4)

10.6 Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products

370

(8)

10.6.1 The manufacturing of aspirin

370

(1)

10.6.2 The manufacture of pyribenzamine

371

(1)

10.6.3 Formulation, mixing, and compounding

372

(6)

10.7 Quality Control

378

(1)

References

379

(2)

Chapter 11. Agrochemicals

381

(48)

11.1 Introduction and History

381

(4)

11.2 Chemical Pest Control

385

(18)

11.2.1 Herbicides

386

(4)

11.2.2 Insecticides

390

(2)

11.2.3 Fungicides

392

(4)

11.2.4 Miscellaneous compounds

396

(5)

11.2.5 Chemical synthesis of pesticides

401

(2)

11.3 Formulated Products

403

(4)

11.4 Biological Pest Control

407

(3)

11.5 Testing Requirements for New Pesticides

410

(10)

11.5.1 General information and physical and chemical properties

410

(3)

11.5.2 Toxicity

413

(1)

11.5.3 Residues in food

414

(1)

11.5.4 Human safety risk assessment

415

(2)

11.5.5 Environmental fate and environmental toxicology

417

(3)

11.6 Social and Economic Aspects

420

(6)

11.6.1 Social consequences of pesticide use

420

(2)

11.6.2 Economic aspects

422

(4)

Bibliography

426

(3)

Chapter 12. Chemical Explosives and Propellants

429

(44)

12.1 Chemical Explosives

430

(19)

12.1.1 Introduction

430

(1)

12.1.2 Development of explosives

430

(5)

12.1.3 Classification of explosives

435

(9)

12 1.4 Chemistry of explosives

444

(5)

12.2 Propellants

449

(6)

12 2.1 Gun propellants

449

(4)

12.2.2 Rocket propellants

453

(2)

12.3 Pyrotechnics

455

(3)

12.3.1 Sound producers

456

(1)

12.3.2 Light producers

456

(1)

12.3.3 Heat producers

457

(1)

12.3.4 Smoke producers

457

(1)

12.4 Manufacturing of Explosives

458

(4)

12.4.1 TNT production

458

(1)

12.4.2 Black powder production

459

(2)

12.4.3 RDX and HMX production

461

(1)

12.5 Thermochemistry of Explosives

462

(5)

12.5.1 Oxygen balance

463

(1)

12.5.2 Heat of formation

464

(1)

12.5.3 Heat of explosion

465

(2)

12.5.4 Explosive power and power index

467

(1)

12.6 Safety and Environmental Considerations

467

(2)

12.7 Classification, Transportation, and Storage of Explosives

469

(2)

12.7.1 Explosives classification

469

(1)

12.7.2 Transportation of explosives

470

(1)

12.7.3 Storage of explosives

470

(1)

References

471

(2)

Chapter 13. Petroleum and Petrochemicals

473

(38)

13.1 Introduction

473

(4)

13.2 Desalting and Dewatering

477

(1)

13.3 Evaluation

478

(1)

13.4 Distillation

478

(3)

13.5 Cracking, Coking, Hydrocracking, and Reforming

481

(16)

13.6 Treating Processes

497

(2)

13.7 Petroleum Products

499

(1)

13.8 Fuel Gas (Refinery Gas) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

499

(1)

13.9 Gasoline

499

(2)

13.10 Solvents

501

(1)

13.11 Kerosene

502

(1)

13.12 Fuel Oil

502

(1)

13.13 Lubricating Oil

503

(1)

13.14 Petroleum Wax

504

(1)

13.15 Asphalt

505

(1)

13.16 Coke

506

(1)

13.17 Petrochemicals

507

(2)

Bibliography

509

(2)

Chapter 14. Synthetic Polymers

511

(110)

14.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions

511

(2)

14.2 Classification of Polymers

513

(7)

14.3 Polymers Industry

520

(1)

14.4 Polymer Structure

520

(21)

14.5 Polymer Structure-Property Relationships

541

(15)

14.5.1 Thermal properties

541

(5)

14.5.2 Mechanical properties

546

(2)

14.5.3 Solubility

548

(6)

14.5.4 Viscosity

554

(2)

14.6 Rheology

556

(4)

14.7 Molecular Weight of Polymers

560

(4)

14.8 The Synthesis of High Polymers

564

(30)

14.8.1 Condensation or step-reaction polymerization

569

(3)

14.8.2 Addition or chain-reaction polymerization

572

(1)

14.8.3 Free radical polymerization

573

(9)

14.8.4 Ionic polymerization

582

(12)

14.9 Polymerization Techniques

594

(6)

14.10 Copolymerization

600

(7)

14.11 Modification of Synthetic Polymers

607

(4)

14.12 Degradation, Stability, and Environmental Issues

611

(5)

14.13 Polymer Additives

616

(2)

References

618

(3)

Index

621

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Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemicals

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials