Handbook of Road Ecology

Research and monitoring is an important aspect of road ecology, encompassing all phases of a transportation project. This book covers research and monitoring to span the entire project continuum – starting with planning and design, through construction and into maintenance and management. It focuses on impacts and solutions for species groups and specific regions, with particular emphasis on the unique challenges facing Asia, South America and Africa.

Other key features:

• Contributions from authors originating from over 25 countries, including from all continents
• Each chapter summarizes important lessons, and includes lists of further reading and thoroughly up to date references
• Highlights principles that address key points relevant to all phases in all road projects
• Explains best-practices based on a number of successful international case studies
• Chapters are "stand-alone", but they also build upon and complement each other; extensive cross-referencing directs the reader to relevant material elsewhere in the book

Handbook of Road Ecology offers a comprehensive summary of approximately 30 years of global efforts to quantify the impacts of roads and traffic and implement effective mitigation. As such, it is essential reading for those involved in the planning, design, assessment and construction of new roads; the management and maintenance of existing roads; and the modifying or retrofitting of existing roads and problem locations. This handbook is an accessible resource for both developed and developing countries, including government transportation agencies, Government environmental/conservation agencies, NGOs, and road funding and donor organisations.

About the Editors:

Associate Professor Rodney van der Ree has studied the impacts of human activities on biodiversity since the mid 1990s. His current focus includes urban ecology and road ecology, with a strong emphasis on improving research
and monitoring and ensuring evidence-based information contributes to the design and management of infrastructure. Rodney is currently the Deputy Director of the Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and The University of Melbourne. He was awarded the Graeme Caughley Travelling fellowship in 2014 to promote and enhance road ecology in developing countries.

Daniel Smith is a research associate and member of the graduate faculty in the Department of Biology at the University of Central Florida and a member of the National Academies Transportation Research Board Subcommittee on Ecology and Transportation. Dr. Smith has 20+ years of experience in the fields of ecology and environmental planning. His primary focus is studying movement patterns and habitat use of terrestrial vertebrates and integrating conservation, transportation and land-use planning. He received the 2014 land
conservation and planning award from the Florida Wildlife Federation for his outstanding contributions to sound use and management of Florida’s natural resources.

Clara Grilo obtained her doctorate in Conservation Biology from the University of Lisbon (Portugal). Her primary
interest is applied ecological research in support of active conservation projects. Over the last years, much of her research has focused on the impact of anthropogenic changes to the landscape and effects on wildlife. Currently,
she is coordinating research projects on road ecology, namely the effects of roads on the abundance, spatial behavior, population genetic structure and risk of mortality on owls and mammals and the effectiveness of measures to reduce the negative effects of roads on wildlife.

Notes on contributors ix

Foreword xx
Richard T. T. Forman

Preface xxii

About the companion website xxiv

1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth 1
Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo

2 Bad roads, good roads 10
William F. Laurance

3 Why keep areas road�]free? The importance of roadless areas 16
Nuria Selva, Adam Switalski, Stefan Kreft and Pierre L. Ibisch

4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: The road agency perspective 27
Kevin Roberts and Anders Sjolund

5 Improving environmental impact assessment and road planning at the landscape scale 32
Jochen A. G. Jaeger

6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other reports to minimise ecological impacts 43
Josie Stokes

7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use 51
Yung En Chee

8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities 60
Cameron Weller

9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, built and operated as intended 65
Rodney van der Ree, Stephen Tonjes and Cameron Weller

10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology 71
Rodney van der Ree, Jochen A. G. Jaeger, Trina Rytwinski and Edgar A. van der

Grift

11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads on wildlife 82
Daniel J. Smith and Rodney van der Ree

12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable data on wildlife mortality 96
Eric Guinard, Roger Prodon and Christophe Barbraud

13 Road–wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife–vehicle collisions 101
Kari Gunson and Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira

14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road ecology 110
Paul Sunnucks and Niko Balkenhol

15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing structures 119
Edgar A. van der Grift and Rodney van der Ree

16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures 129
Edgar A. van der Grift, Rodney van der Ree and Jochen A. G. Jaeger

17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation measures 138
Rodney van der Ree and Stephen Tonjes

18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects of road lighting on ecosystems 143
Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault and Thomas W. Seamans

19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation 151
Kirsten M. Parris

20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions and funneling fauna to crossing structures 159
Rodney van der Ree, Jeffrey W. Gagnon and Daniel J. Smith

21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across roads 172
Daniel J. Smith, Rodney van der Ree and Carme Rosell

22 Recreational co�]use of wildlife crossing structures 184
Rodney van der Ree and Edgar A. van der Grift

23 Predator–prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality 190
Cristina Mata, Robert a Bencini, Brian K. Chambers and Juan E. Malo

24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection systems aimed at reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions 198
Marcel P. Huijser, Christa Mosler�]Berger, Mattias Olsson and Mart in Strein

25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to prevent wildlife–vehicle collisions 213
Gino D’Angelo and Rodney van der Ree

26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife 219
Benjamin Dorsey, Mattias Olsson and Lisa J. Rew

27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear corridors on wildlife 228
A. David M. Latham and Stan Boutin

28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial animal populations 237
Trina Rytwinski and Lenore Fahrig

29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of invertebrates in road ecology 247
Heinrich Reck and Rodney van der Ree

30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Island’s iconic red crabs from vehicles 258
Rob Muller and Mike Misso

31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians 261
Andrew Hamer, Thomas E. S. Langton and David Lesbarreres

32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads 271
Kimberly M. Andrews, Tom A. Langen and Richard P. J. H. Struijk

33 Flight doesn’t solve everything: Mitigation of road impacts on birds 281
Angela Kociolek, Clara Grilo and Sandra Jacobson

34 Bats and roads 290
Isobel M. Abbott, Anna Bert hinussen, Emma Stone, Martijn Boonman, Markus Melber and John Altringham

35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded landscapes 300
Clara Grilo, Daniel J. Smith and Nina Klar

36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan forests 313
Eugenia Pallares, Carlos Manterola, Dalia A. Conde and Fernando Colchero

37 Case study: Finding the middle road – grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves 317
Sanjay Gubbi

38 Case study: African wild dogs and the fragmentation menace 322
Brendan Whittington�]Jones and Harriet Davies�]Mostert

39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big opportunities for small mammals 325
Fernando Ascensao, Scott LaPoint and Rodney van der Ree

40 Reducing road impacts on tree�]dwelling animals 334
Kylie Soanes and Rodney van der Ree

41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate conservation 341
Andrea Donaldson and Pamela Cunneyworth

42 Transportation and large herbivores 344
Patricia Cramer, Mattias Olsson, Michelle E. Gadd, Rodney van der Ree and Leonard E. Sielecki

43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass 353
Susie Weeks

44 Form and function: A more natural approach to infrastructure, fish and stream habitats 357
Paul J. Wagner

45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other barriers on fish and fish habitat 364
Fabrice Ottburg and Matt Blank

46 The function and management of roadside vegetation 373
Suzanne J. Milton, W. Richard J. Dean, Leonard E. Sielecki and Rodney van der Ree

47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and potential solutions 382
Enhua Lee, David B. Croft and Tamar Achiron�]Frumkin

48 Road ecology in an urbanising world 391
Darryl Jones, Hans Bekker and Rodney van der Ree

49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic conditions: Particular challenges for road planning, construction and maintenance 397
Miriam Goosem

50 The influence of economics, politics and environment on road ecology in South America 407
Alex Bager, Carlos E. Borg hi and Helio Secco

51 Highway construction as a force in the destruction of the Amazon forest 414
Philip M. Fearnside

52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation opportunities 425
K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh

53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological implications and challenges for decision�]making 430
Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur

54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure 439
Wendy Collinson, Dan Parker, Claire Patterson�]Abrolat, Graham Alexander and Harriet Davies�]Mostert

55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and wildlife in East Africa 448
Clinton W. Epps, Katarzyna Nowak, and Benezeth Mutayoba

56 Expected effects of a road across the Serengeti 455
Michelle E. Gadd

57 China: Building and managing a massive road and rail network and protecting our rich biodiversity 465
Yun Wang, Yaping Kong and Jiding Chen

58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan and Mongolia threaten the survival of wide�]ranging wildlife 472
Kirk A. Olson and Rodney van der Ree

59 Best�]practice guidelines and manuals 479
Marguerite Trocme

60 Case study: The role of non�]governmental organisations (ngos) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife 485
Patricia White

61 Case study: Building a community of practice for road ecology 488
Paul J. Wagner and Andreas Seiler

62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting systems 492
Fraser Shilling, Sarah Perkins and Wendy Collinson

Glossary 502

Species 509

Index 513

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