Hannibal

This is an historical biography of Hannibal, the military leader of Carthage responsible for waging a dramatic onslaught on Rome during the Punic Wars. One of the few generals of history to be famous for the war he lost, Hannibal's attack in 218BC - which included his renowned march of elephants across the Alps - ranks amongst the most courageous and ill-fated enterprises in the history of the ancient world. This definitive biography of one of the most fascinating figures of ancient history offers a fresh perspective on the demise of the Hellenistic world and the rise of Rome.

Serge Lancel is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Grenoble. For the past 30 years he has excavated and published on excavations in and around Carthage. He has been the director, since its foundation, of the crucial excavation at Byrsa, an important sector of Carthage for most of its existence. He is author of Carthage (Blackwell, 1995).

Antonia Nevill has an honors degree in Italian and French. A committed European and a lifelong francophile, she has spent over thirty years teaching in Further Education. Retirement has at last enabled her to devote more time to her favorite occupation, translating.

List of Figures

viii

(1)

Foreword

ix

(2)

Glossary

xi

1 Hamilcar Barca

1

(24)

The loss of Sicily and the rise of Hamilcar Barca

1

(5)

Hamilcar Barca and the Barcid family

6

(4)

The Mercenaries' War

10

(2)

The `inexpiable' war and the Africans' rebellion

12

(4)

Hamilcar's victory on the Macar

16

(3)

Hanno is ejected

19

(1)

The `Gorge of the Saw'

20

(1)

The outcome

21

(1)

The loss of Sardinia

22

(3)

2 Time for Spain

25

(32)

Polybius, Livy, Fabius Pictor and others

25

(3)

The Situation in Carthage in 237 and Hamilcar's departure for Spain

28

(3)

The Iberian world in the Hellenistic period

31

(3)

Hamilcar in Spain

34

(1)

From Cadiz to Alicante

35

(2)

Hasdrubal the Fair

37

(6)

Hannibal

43

(2)

Hannibal's campaigns in Spain

45

(1)

Saguntum

46

(5)

War is declared

51

(3)

Hannibal's final arrangements in Spain

54

(3)

3 From Cartagena to the Po Valley

57

(24)

Hannibal's plan and the opposing forces

57

(2)

The Punic army's departure from Cartagena

59

(3)

Hannibal's elephants

62

(2)

The other side of the Ebro

64

(3)

Crossing the Rhone

67

(3)

Crossing the Alps

70

(2)

Ascending the Rhone Valley and the road through the Alpine foothills

72

(4)

Storming the Great Alps

76

(5)

4 `Blitzkrieg' -- from the Trebia to Cannae

81

(29)

The first encounter near the Ticinus (late November 218)

82

(3)

The Battle of the Trebia (late December 218)

85

(3)

Overwintering in the Cisalpine region (January-April 217) and the first formulations of an Italian policy

88

(2)

Between Emilia and Tuscany (spring 217)

90

(2)

Trasimene (21 June 217)

92

(4)

A summer on the Adriatic

96

(1)

Q. Fabius Maximus, the general who bided his time

97

(5)

Operations outside Italy

102

(1)

Cannae (2 August 216)

103

(7)

5 Declining Fortunes

110

(23)

In the Carthaginian senate

112

(1)

Capua

113

(3)

The great hopes of 215

116

(4)

Between Capua and Tarentum (autumn 215-autumn 214)

120

(1)

The first political and economic changes in Rome

121

(3)

The siege of Syracuse: Archimedes versus Marcellus (214-212)

124

(3)

From the capture of Tarentum to the loss of Capua (212-211)

127

(3)

At the walls of Rome

130

(3)

6 Setbacks

133

(25)

Operations in Spain up to the death of P. and Cn. Scipio (216-211)

133

(3)

The young Scipio is appointed to head the army of Spain

136

(2)

The capture of Cartagena (210)

138

(2)

From Scipio's victory at Baecula (Bailen) to Hasdrubal Barca's arrival in Italy (209-early 207)

140

(2)

The death of Marcellus (summer 208)

142

(2)

The battle of the Metaurus (summer 207), or the end of the illusion

144

(5)

The end of the war in Spain

149

(2)

Hannibal at Cape Lacinium

151

(7)

7 Zama

158

(28)

The view of the Numidian princes

159

(1)

Scipio's consulship (205)

160

(2)

The Africa landing

162

(3)

The battle of the Great Plains

165

(3)

Sophonisba

168

(1)

Hannibal's return to Africa

169

(3)

The battle of Zama

172

(4)

The peace of 201 and Hannibal's laughter

176

(4)

Hannibal's suffetate

180

(2)

The paradox of Carthage's prosperity after Zama

182

(4)

8 Exile

186

(25)

Rome's entry into war with Philip

187

(1)

Flamininus and the `liberty of Greece'

188

(1)

Antiochus' exploits and Hannibal's departure into exile

189

(3)

Hannibal with Antiochus during the `cold war' with Rome (195-192)

192

(5)

The torment of Antiochus' failure (192-189)

197

(4)

The war in the Aegean and in Asia: Hannibal in command at sea

201

(3)

Between history and legend: Hannibal's last years

204

(4)

Donec Bithynio libeat vigilare tyranno

208

(3)

9 Heritage, Legend and Image

211

(14)

Hannibal's `heritage'

211

(5)

The legend and the image

216

(5)

Hannibal in our own times

221

(4)

Chronological highlights

225

(3)

Bibliography

228

(8)

Index

236

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials