The Harvest of Medieval Theology

, by Oberman, Heiko Augustinus

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ISBN: 9780801020377 | 0801020379
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/1/1983

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Summary

Author Biography

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Heiko A. Oberman (Ph.D., University of Utrecht) is professor of European History at the University of Arizona.

Introduction	p. 1
Curriculum Vitae Gabrielis	p. 9
The Early Years	p. 10
Pastor and Frater	p. 12
Professor and Prepositus	p. 16
Character of Biel's Sermons	p. 21
Internal Evidence on the Chronology of Biel's Writings	p. 24
Biel's Letter to the Church at Mainz under Interdict	p. 26
Prolegomena	p. 30
Potentia absoluta and potentia ordinata	p. 30
Traditional interpretations	p. 30
Relation of philosophy and theology	p. 34
Biel's definition of the two orders	p. 36
The Theological Significance of the Dialectics of God's Power: Its Significance for Man's Intellectual Powers	p. 38
Natural knowledge of God	p. 40
Faith seeking understanding: ratio de congruo	p. 41
Double truth excluded	p. 42
The Theological Significance of the Dialectics of God's Power: Its Significance for Man's Moral Powers	p. 42
God's love and the order de potentia ordinata	p. 43
Reinterpretation of the misericordia dei	p. 44
Non-arbitrary character of the ordained order	p. 44
The relation of misericordia and iustitia	p. 45
The two eternal decrees of God	p. 46
The Meaning of the Expression ex puris naturalibus	p. 47
The status of the viator	p. 47
God's preservation of creation	p. 48
The state of pure nature	p. 48
Nature and grace	p. 49
Nominalism: naturalistic?	p. 49
The Philosophical Significance of the Dialectics of God's "Two Powers"	p. 50
The nominalistic "razor"	p. 50
Speculative theology	p. 51
Nominalism: sceptical?	p. 51
Knowledge and wisdom	p. 52
The necessity of revelation	p. 53
"Als/ob" theology	p. 53
Conclusion	p. 55
Faith and Understanding	p. 57
Anthropology	p. 57
Philosophical and theological anthropology	p. 57
Nominalistic epistemology	p. 60
The theology of the viator	p. 62
Voluntarism and rationalism	p. 63
Synderesis and conscience	p. 65
The image of God	p. 66
Faith: Acquired and Infused	p. 68
Ecclesiastical positivism?	p. 68
Revelation as information and exhortation	p. 70
Fides ex auditu	p. 71
Biblical theology	p. 74
The inner core of faith	p. 75
The possibility of apologetics	p. 78
The middle road between rationalism and positivism	p. 81
Implicit and explicit faith	p. 83
The mystery of the Trinity	p. 84
Conclusion	p. 88
Natural Law as Divine Order	p. 90
The Question de odio dei	p. 90
The medieval tradition	p. 90
The position of Biel	p. 93
God and Justice	p. 96
God's freedom from the law	p. 96
The lawfulness of God's action	p. 98
The reliability of the moral order	p. 100
Eternal Law and Natural Law	p. 103
Natural law as manifestation of eternal law	p. 103
The significance of the natural law for ethics	p. 105
The Old Testament character of nominalistic ethics	p. 108
An appropriate evaluation of the nominalistic position	p. 111
Moses and Christ: Law and Gospel	p. 112
The fulfillment of the Old Law	p. 112
The medieval tradition	p. 113
Man Fallen and Redeemed	p. 120
Doctrine of Sin	p. 120
The ecclesiological setting of the doctrine of justification	p. 120
Original sin in the medieval tradition	p. 121
Biel as an historian of Christian thought	p. 123
Indomitable concupiscence	p. 126
Before and after the fall	p. 128
The Proper Disposition for Justification	p. 131
Inalienable freedom of the will	p. 131
The doctrine of the facere quod in se est	p. 132
First and second justification of the sinner	p. 134
Extra- and pre-sacramental grace	p. 135
Nature and grace	p. 139
The late medieval tradition	p. 141
The Process of Justification	p. 146
Attrition and Contrition	p. 146
The glory and misery of fallen man	p. 146
The medieval tradition	p. 147
Biel's critique of Scotus	p. 150
Love of God for God's sake	p. 153
An evaluation of attrition	p. 154
Penance as virtue and as sacrament	p. 157
The psychological impact of the sacrament of penance	p. 159
Habitus and Acceptatio	p. 160
The Augustinian simile of horse and rider	p. 160
The necessity of the habit of grace	p. 166
A classification of merits	p. 169
The two stages of justification and the two eternal decrees	p. 172
The profile of Biel's doctrine of justification	p. 175
Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen on justification	p. 178
Oscillation between "mercy" and "justice"	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 184
Between Fear and Hope: the Riddle of Predestination	p. 185
Election and Reprobation	p. 185
The systematic interrelation of predestination and justification	p. 185
Two doctrines of predestination in Biel?	p. 187
Predestination and foreknowledge	p. 189
Occam and Biel	p. 191
Biel's single doctrine of predestination	p. 192
Nominalistic diversity: the position of Gregory of Rimini	p. 196
The view of Reinhold Seeberg	p. 206
The view of Paul Vignaux	p. 209
Scotus, d'Auriole, Occam: Biel's contribution	p. 212
Supralapsarianism rejected	p. 215
Spes and Fiducia	p. 217
Certainty of grace and certainty of salvation	p. 217
The rising tide of Donatism: the problem of the wicked priest	p. 220
Christ's work of hope and justice	p. 222
Fiducial certainty	p. 224
The pro nobis theme: sola fide and sola gratia rejected	p. 227
Theologia crucis in Gerson and Biel	p. 231
Sola Fide and Sola Gratia in the Theology of Holcot	p. 235
Sola fide tenetur: Holcot's scepticism	p. 235
Sola gratia salvatur: Holcot's predestinarianism	p. 243
Christ and the Eucharist	p. 249
Nominalism and Chalcedon	p. 249
The state of scholarship on the question of nominalistic Christology	p. 249
The development of medieval Christology: Lombard, Thomas, Henry of Ghent, Scotus	p. 251
The intention of Occam's asinus-Christology: rejection of the charge of Nestorianism	p. 255
Biel evaluated in terms of the medieval christological tradition	p. 259
Christus Victor	p. 261
Medieval understanding of the communicatio idiomatum	p. 261
Biel's understanding of the Incarnation: kenosis and extracalvinisticum	p. 264
Biel's modification of Anselm: centrality of the life, not the death of Christ	p. 266
Imitation of the Christus Victor	p. 268
The Two Offerings: The Cross and the Altar	p. 271
The sacraments linking Christology and justification	p. 271
The cross as testament; the sacrifice of the Mass as representation	p. 271
Transubstantiation and the real presence of Christ	p. 275
Communion as participation in the messianic meal: the problem of non-participation	p. 277
Critical evaluation of Biel's position	p. 279
Mariology	p. 281
The Virgin Mary and God	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Distinctive treatments in academic and homiletical works	p. 281
The Immaculate Conception in the medieval tradition	p. 283
The Mariology of Gregory of Rimini	p. 286
Gregory between Scripture and tradition	p. 286
Gregory's criticism of Scotus	p. 289
Immaculate Conception rejected	p. 290
Biel's Defense of the Immaculate Conception	p. 292
The question of fact	p. 292
The eternal predestination of Mary	p. 294
Mariology and the authority of the Church	p. 295
Biel and Gregory	p. 296
Maria corredemptrix	p. 298
The maternity of Mary	p. 298
The Virgin's merits and the Incarnation according to the Collectorium	p. 299
Pelagian Mariology in the sermons	p. 300
Cooperation in the passion of Christ	p. 302
Mariological Rules	p. 304
The superlative rule	p. 304
The comparative rule	p. 305
The rule of similitude	p. 306
Merits and granted privileges	p. 307
The Virgin Mary and Mankind	p. 308
Annunciation	p. 308
The second sanctification	p. 308
The Virgin as token of restoration	p. 309
Bodily Assumption: Mediation	p. 310
The Queen of Heaven	p. 310
Mary's intercessory task	p. 310
Death and assumption	p. 312
Fiducia in the Virgin Mary	p. 313
Greater fiducia in Mary than in Christ	p. 313
Mary the hope of the world	p. 314
Mariology graphically presented	p. 315
Sophia speculations	p. 317
Evaluation: Maria pro nobis	p. 319
Nominalistic Mysticism	p. 323
Nominalism and Mysticism	p. 323
The Great Schism as turning point of the Middle Ages	p. 323
The common thesis: nominalism and mysticism mutually exclusive	p. 326
The problem of defining mysticism	p. 327
Jean Gerson: Nominalist and Mystic	p. 331
Gerson's attitude toward Thomism and nominalism	p. 331
Penitential mysticism versus transformation mysticism	p. 335
The Mystical Elements in the Theology of Gabriel Biel	p. 340
Biel in the footsteps of Gerson	p. 340
Biel's distinctive contribution: democratization of mysticism	p. 341
The spirit of the devotio moderna and of observantism	p. 343
Mystical description of contrition	p. 347
The birth of Christ in the soul	p. 349
"Christ-mysticism" as necessary for salvation	p. 351
Denial of forensic justification	p. 353
The aristocrats of the Spirit	p. 356
Conclusion: the marriage of mysticism and nominalism	p. 359
Holy Writ and Holy Church	p. 361
Nominalism and Extrascriptural Tradition	p. 361
Biblicism or ecclesiastical positivism: clashing interpretations	p. 361
Theses of Paul de Vooght and George Tavard	p. 363
Tradition I and Tradition II	p. 365
Scripture and Tradition in the early Church	p. 365
The period of transition: Basil and Augustine	p. 369
The problem of extrascriptural Tradition: Bradwardine, Wyclif, and Ambrosius of Speier	p. 371
Both conciliarism and curialism uphold extrascriptural Tradition	p. 375
The position of Occam: two distinct sources	p. 378
The position of Pierre d'Ailly: the law of Christ	p. 382
The position of Gerson: the spirit-guided Church	p. 385
The position of Breviscoxa: the second source	p. 387
Tradition I and Tradition II: a fundamental principle of classification	p. 390
Scripture, Tradition, and Church according to Biel	p. 393
Biel's adherence to Tradition II	p. 393
Biel's further contribution to the medieval dilemma	p. 398
Striking absence of attack on canon lawyers	p. 401
The hermeneutical problem and tradition	p. 403
Biel as a forerunner of Trent	p. 406
A contrast: Wessel Gansfort as upholder of Tradition I	p. 408
The Pope Between Council and Emperor	p. 412
The Pope as vicar of Christ	p. 412
Authority of Pope and Council: considerations	p. 415
The middle way between papalism and anti-curialism	p. 417
Corpus christianum	p. 419
Postscript: The Catholicity of Nominalism	p. 423
Bibliography	p. 431
Abbreviations and Primary Sources	p. 431
Periodicals	p. 431
Collections, editions, and encyclopedias	p. 431
Primary Sources--General	p. 432
Primary Sources--Works of Gabriel Biel	p. 435
Secondary Sources	p. 436
A Nominalistic Glossary	p. 459
Index of Names	p. 479
Index of Subjects	p. 485
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The Harvest of Medieval Theology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials