Health, Safety, and Accident Management in the Chemical Process Industries, Second Edition,: A Complete Compressed Domain Approach

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ISBN: 9780824706753 | 0824706757
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/2/2001

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"Analyzes health and hazard risk assessment in commercial, industrial, and refining industries. Emphasizes legal requirements, emergency planning and response, safety equipment, process implementation, and occupational and environmental protection exposure guidelines. Presents applicatoins and calculations for risk analysis of real systems, as well as numerous end-of-chapter examples and references. "

Part I: Introduction

(106)

Past History

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Early Accidents

(3)

Recent Major Accidents

(11)

Other Accidents

(3)

Advances in Safety Features

(3)

Illustrative Examples

(4)

Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Legislation

(48)

Introduction

(1)

Early Legislation

(2)

Air Pollution Legislation

(3)

Water Pollution Legislation

(2)

Hazardous and Toxic Waste Legislation

(3)

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)

(25)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

(2)

USEPA's Risk Management Program

(1)

Regulatory Problem Areas and Potential Environmental Violations

(2)

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

(2)

Illustrative Examples

(3)

Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Emergency Planning and Response

(28)

Introduction

(1)

The Need for Emergency Response Planning

(1)

The Planning Committee

(4)

Hazards Survey

(2)

Plan for Emergencies

(3)

Training of Personnel

(2)

Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials

(2)

Plan Implementation

(3)

Other State Regulatory Initiatives

(3)

Illustrative Examples

100

(2)

Summary

102

(5)

References

103

(4)

Part II: Process and Plant Accidents

107

(180)

Process Fundamentals

109

(24)

Introduction

109

(1)

Units and Dimensions

109

(2)

Physical Properties

111

(5)

Chemical Properties

116

(3)

Conservation Laws

119

(3)

Engineering Principles

122

(7)

Illustrative Examples

129

(2)

Summary

131

(2)

References

132

(1)

Process Equipment

133

(46)

Introduction

133

(1)

Reactors

133

(3)

Heat Exchangers

136

(1)

Mass Transfer Equipment

137

(5)

Ancillary Equipment

142

(7)

Environmental Control Equipment

149

(7)

Utilities

156

(1)

Protective and Safety Systems

157

(2)

Process Diagrams

159

(2)

Plant Siting and Layout

161

(11)

Illustrative Examples

172

(4)

Summary

176

(3)

References

177

(2)

Classification of Accidents

179

(24)

Introduction

179

(1)

Equipment Accidents

180

(2)

Human Errors and Occupational Mishaps

182

(3)

Transport Accidents

185

(4)

Electrical Failures

189

(3)

Nuclear Accidents

192

(3)

Natural Disasters

195

(1)

Illustrative Examples

196

(4)

Summary

200

(3)

References

201

(2)

Fires, Explosion, Toxic Emissions, and Hazardous Spills

203

(46)

Introduction

203

(1)

Fire Fundamentals

203

(11)

Plant Fires

214

(7)

Explosion Fundamentals

221

(8)

Plant Explosions

229

(4)

Toxic Emissions

233

(4)

Hazardous Spills

237

(3)

Illustrative Examples

240

(6)

Summary

246

(3)

References

247

(2)

Process Applications

249

(38)

Introduction

249

(1)

Chlorine

250

(5)

Ammonia

255

(8)

Hydrogen Cyanide

263

(6)

Hydrogen Fluoride

269

(5)

Sulfuric Acid

274

(5)

Other Chemical Processes

279

(2)

Illustrative Examples

281

(1)

Summary

281

(6)

References

282

(5)

Part III: Health Risk Assessment

287

(136)

Introduction to Health Risk Assessment

287

(12)

Introduction

287

(1)

The Health Risk Evaluation Process

288

(1)

Health Hazard Identification

289

(3)

Dose-Response

292

(1)

Exposure Assessment

293

(1)

Health Risk Characterization

294

(1)

Illustrative Examples

295

(1)

Summary

296

(3)

References

297

(2)

Health Hazard Identification

299

(16)

Introduction

299

(1)

Toxicology Principles

300

(1)

Epidemiology Principles

301

(1)

Molecular/Atomic Structural Analysis

302

(1)

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

302

(1)

Engineering Problem Solving

303

(4)

Fate of Chemical Health Hazards

307

(2)

Carcinogens versus Noncarcinogens

309

(1)

Illustrative Examples

310

(2)

Summary

312

(3)

References

313

(2)

Dose-Response

315

(38)

Introduction

315

(1)

Definitions

316

(6)

Toxicology

322

(2)

Epidemiology

324

(3)

Noncarcinogens

327

(7)

Carcinogens

334

(6)

Uncertainties/Limitations

340

(2)

Illustrative Examples

342

(7)

Summary

349

(4)

References

351

(2)

Exposure Assessment

353

(42)

Introduction

353

(1)

Components of an Exposure Assessment

354

(3)

Dispersion in Water Systems

357

(6)

Dispersion in Soils

363

(4)

Effective Height of Emission

367

(4)

Atmospheric Dispersion Equations for Continuous Sources

371

(10)

Atmospheric Dispersion Equation for Instantaneous Sources

381

(2)

Stack Design Considerations

383

(1)

USEPA Air Quality Models

384

(2)

Illustrative Examples

386

(6)

Summary

392

(3)

References

394

(1)

Health Risk Analysis and Characterization

395

(28)

Introduction

395

(1)

Qualitative Risk Scenarios

396

(2)

Quantitative Risk: Noncarcinogens

398

(5)

Quantitative Risk: Carcinogens

403

(2)

Risk Uncertainties/Limitations

405

(2)

Risk-Based Decision Making

407

(1)

Public Perception of Risk

408

(5)

Illustrative Examples

413

(6)

Summary

419

(4)

References

421

(2)

Part IV: Hazard Risk Assessment

423

(116)

Introduction to Hazard Risk Assessment

425

(12)

Introduction

425

(1)

Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents

426

(2)

Hazard Identification

428

(1)

Causes of Accidents

429

(1)

Consequences of Accidents

430

(1)

Cause-Consequence Analysis

431

(1)

Future Trends

432

(1)

Illustrative Examples

432

(3)

Summary

435

(2)

References

436

(1)

Event/Hazard Identification

437

(22)

Introduction

437

(1)

Event/Hazard Evaluation Techniques

438

(1)

System Checklists

439

(3)

Safety Review/Safety Audit

442

(1)

``What If'' Analysis

443

(1)

Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

444

(1)

Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)

445

(4)

Illustrative Examples

449

(6)

Summary

455

(4)

References

457

(2)

Accident Causes and Probability

459

(24)

Introduction

459

(2)

Causes of Accidents

461

(1)

Equipment Failure

462

(10)

Mechanical Operations

472

(1)

Other Causes

472

(3)

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

475

(3)

Illustrative Examples

478

(3)

Summary

481

(2)

References

482

(1)

Accident Consequences and Evaluation

483

(30)

Introduction

483

(1)

Accident Minimization/Prevention

484

(11)

Consequence Estimation

495

(1)

Evacuation Procedure

496

(3)

Failure Modes, Effects and Critical Analysis

499

(1)

Vulnerability Analysis

500

(4)

Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

504

(2)

Illustrative Examples

506

(4)

Summary

510

(3)

References

511

(2)

Hazard Risk Analysis

513

(26)

Introduction

513

(1)

Risk Characterization

514

(1)

Cause-Consequence Analysis

515

(2)

Qualitative Hazard Risk Analysis

517

(4)

Quantitative Hazard Risk Analysis

521

(2)

Uncertainties/Limitations

523

(2)

Public Perception of Risk

525

(1)

Risk Communication

526

(5)

Illustrative Examples

531

(4)

Summary

535

(4)

References

536

(3)

Part V: Quantitative Hazard Risk Assessment

539

(100)

Hazard Risk Assessment Fundamentals

541

(30)

Introduction

541

(1)

Probability Definitions and Interpretations

542

(2)

Set Notation for Events

544

(2)

Basic Theorems

546

(2)

Conditional Probability

548

(2)

Bayes' Theorem

550

(1)

Random Variables

551

(1)

Probability Distributions

552

(6)

Expected Values

558

(4)

Estimation of Mean and Variance

562

(1)

Illustrative Examples

563

(3)

Summary

566

(5)

References

569

(2)

Hazard Risk Assessment Calculations

571

(38)

Introduction

571

(1)

Series and Parallel Systems

571

(2)

Reliability Relations

573

(3)

The Bathtub Curve

576

(3)

Other Special Distributions

579

(13)

Monte Carlo Simulation of Failure Distributions

592

(3)

Fault Tree Analysis

595

(4)

Event Tree Analysis

599

(2)

Illustrative Examples

601

(2)

Summary

603

(6)

References

606

(3)

Hazard Risk Analysis Applications

609

(30)

Introduction

609

(5)

Estimation of Failure Rate of Coolant Recycle Pump

614

(2)

Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals

616

(2)

Release of Toxic Vapor

618

(4)

Operation of Holdup Tank Containing a Hazardous Chemical

622

(4)

Bus Section Failures in Electrostatic Precipitators

626

(2)

Illustrative Example

628

(6)

Summary

634

(5)

References

637

(2)

Index

639

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Health, Safety, and Accident Management in the Chemical Process Industries, Second Edition,: A Complete Compressed Domain Approach

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