Hearing Loss, Fourth Edition

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ISBN: 9780824754358 | 0824754352
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/30/2005

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Thomas Jefferson Univ., Philadelphia, PA. Offers new medical information for managing hearing impairment, tinnitus, and control of disequilibrium. Includes new sections on sensorineural hearing loss, autoimmune hearing loss, and tumors that affect the ear. Offers principles and procedures for determining the cause of hearing loss. Previous edition: c1993.

Preface

iii

Contributors

Hearing Loss: An Overview

(2)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

The Physics of Sound

(16)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Sound

(1)

Sound Waves

(5)

Characteristics of Sound Waves

(1)

Components of Sound

(4)

Measuring Sound

(6)

Intensity

(1)

Decibel

(1)

A Unit of Comparison

(1)

Two Reference Levels

(1)

Formula for the Decibel

(1)

Important Points

(2)

dBA Measurement

(4)

References

(2)

The Nature of Hearing Loss

(10)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Early Stages of a Hearing Loss

(1)

Every Patient can be Helped

(1)

Referral of Patients by Various Specialists

(1)

The Value of Understanding and Conducting Hearing Tests

(2)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Ear

(1)

Causes of Hearing Loss

(1)

Establishing the Site of Damage in the Auditory System

(1)

Conductive Hearing Loss

(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

(1)

Mixed Hearing Loss

(1)

Functional Hearing Loss

(1)

Central Hearing Loss (Central Dysacusis)

(2)

Reference

(2)

The Otologic History and Physical Examination

(18)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Essential Questions

(2)

The Importance of Getting Accurate Answers

(1)

Prognosis and Diagnosis

(1)

Differentiating Symptoms

(1)

Sensorineural or Conductive Hearing Loss

(1)

Tinnitus

(1)

Vertigo

(1)

Fluctuation in Hearing

(1)

Self-Inflation

(1)

Facts in the History that may be Important

(1)

Ototoxic Drugs

(1)

Speech Defect

(1)

Noise-Induced Loss

(1)

Previous Ear Surgery

(1)

A Standard Pattern for a Complete Examination

(7)

Endoscopic Examination of the Nose and Nasopharynx

(1)

The Eustachian Tube

(1)

The Mouth and Throat

(1)

Ears

(1)

Eardrum

(1)

Removal of Wax or Debris

(1)

Cone of Light

(1)

Intact or Perforated Eardrum

(1)

Shadow Formations

(1)

Fluid in the Middle Ear

(1)

Scars and Plaques; Color; Tumor

(1)

Retracted Eardrum

(1)

Erosion; Previous Surgery; Drainage

(1)

Neurotological Examination

(1)

Other Conditions to Consider

(1)

Tests

(4)

Tests of Hearing and Balance

(1)

Metabolic Tests

(1)

Radiologic Tests

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(1)

Computerized Tomography

(1)

Air Contrast CT

(1)

Ultrasound and Arteriography

(1)

Dynamic Imaging

(2)

Classification and Measurement of Hearing Loss

(24)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Two Basic Types of Testing

(1)

Factors in Evaluation

(4)

Approximate Results with the Tuning Fork

(1)

Transmission of Sound to the Opposite Ear

(1)

Masking the Opposite Ear

(1)

Using the Tuning Fork in Diagnosis

(1)

Systematic Evaluation

(1)

Rinne Test

(1)

Weber Test

(1)

Schwabach Test

(1)

Further Tests

(1)

Different Cases

(1)

The Audiometer and the Tuning Fork

(1)

Aspects of Testing

(1)

Cooperation of the Patient

(1)

Development of the Audiometer

(1)

The Pure-Tone Audiometer

(1)

Frequency Range

(1)

Reference Hearing Threshold Levels

(1)

The Need for Examiners with Specialized Training

(2)

Answers to Questions

(1)

Who Should Perform Audiometry?

(3)

Training of Audiometric Technicians

(3)

Methods of Testing Hearing

(1)

Screening Method

(1)

Group Pure-Tone Testing

(1)

Self-Recording Audiometry

(1)

How to Select the Test Environment

(2)

Criteria

(1)

Tests for Ambient Noise

(1)

Sound-Level Meter

(1)

A Comparison of Hearing Tests

(1)

Reducing Ambient Noise

(1)

Furniture and Regulations

(1)

The Audiometric Booth

(1)

Summary

(1)

The Kind of Audiometer to Purchase

(1)

The Manual Audiometer

(1)

The Microprocessor Audiometer

(6)

Calibration Procedure

(1)

Record of Calibration Testing

(1)

Audiometer Repairs

(1)

Reference

(2)

The Audiogram

(20)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Definition

(1)

Terms

(1)

Reference Hearing Level

(1)

Horizontal and Vertical Variables in a Graphic Audiogram

(1)

What is Normal Hearing?

(1)

What the Audiometer Measures

(1)

Forms of the Audiogram

(1)

Interpreting the Typical Audiogram

(1)

Some Basic Concepts

(1)

Air Conduction

(1)

Bone Conduction

(1)

Speech Reception Threshold

(1)

Discrimination Score

(1)

Recruitment

(1)

Abnormal Tone Decay or Pathological Adaptation

(1)

How to Perform a Routine Audiogram

(1)

Preparing the Subject

(1)

Seating the Subject

(1)

Instructing the Subject

(1)

Placing the Earphones

(1)

The Audiogram

(1)

Order of Test

(1)

Recording Audiograms

(1)

Securing Objectivity

(1)

Preserving Records

(1)

Avoiding Errors in Audiometry (Pitfalls)

(1)

Masking

(1)

What Starting Level of Masking Should be Used?

(1)

Air Conduction Testing

(1)

Bone Conduction Testing

(1)

What Type of Masking Does Your Audiometer Have?

(1)

What is the Plateau Method of Masking?

(1)

When is Masking Used?

(1)

Air Conduction Testing

(1)

Bone Conduction Testing

(1)

What Frequencies Should be Tested by Bone Conduction?

(1)

How is Residual Hearing Tested Clinically?

(1)

Simple Methods of Masking

(1)

Sensorineural Acuity Level: A Supplementary Procedure

(1)

How is the Bone Conduction Vibrator Calibrated?

(3)

What is the Relation of the Bone Conduction Threshold Levels to the Function of the Sensorineural Mechanism?

(1)

High-Frequency Audiometry

(1)

Continuous Frequency Audiometry

(1)

Special Hearing Tests

(28)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

The Difference Between Audiometric Threshold Levels and Discrimination

(1)

Testing Hearing with Speech

(7)

Speech Reception Test

(1)

Materials

(1)

Administration

(1)

The Significance of Various SRTs

(1)

Discrimination Testing

(1)

Materials

(1)

Administration

(1)

Rating

(1)

Arrangement of Equipment

(1)

Evaluation of Discrimination Score

(1)

Causes of Reduced Discrimination

(1)

The Glycerol Test

100

(1)

Masking

100

(1)

Etiology

100

(1)

Clues to Discrimination

101

(1)

Tests for Recruitment

101

(3)

Tuning Fork

101

(1)

Alternate Binaural Loudness Balance Test

102

(1)

Detection of Small Changes in Intensity

102

(1)

Short-Increment Sensitivity Index Test

102

(1)

Other Tests

103

(1)

Testing for Diplacusis---Distortion of Pitch

104

(1)

Hearing Tests Using Speech to Detect Central Hearing Loss

104

(1)

Binaural Test of Auditory Fusion

104

(1)

Sound Localization Tests

104

(1)

Other Tests

105

(1)

Neuropsychological Testing

105

(1)

Testing for Functional Hearing Loss

105

(3)

Suggestive Clues

105

(1)

Lombard or Voice-Reflex Test

106

(1)

Stenger Test

106

(1)

Repetition of Audiogram Without Masking

107

(1)

Delayed Auditory-Feedback Test

107

(1)

Psychogalvanic Skin Response Test

107

(1)

Brainstem Evoked-Response Audiometry in Malingering

108

(1)

Use of Excellent Audiometric Technique

108

(1)

Responsibility of the Tester

108

(1)

Testing for Auditory Tone Decay

108

(1)

Administration of Test

108

(1)

Findings

109

(1)

Diagnostic Self-Recording Audiometry

109

(3)

Bekesy Audiometry

109

(1)

Procedure and Mechanism

109

(1)

Value

110

(1)

Types of Bekesy Audiograms

110

(1)

Interpretation of the Bekesy Audiogram

110

(2)

Nondiagnostic Self-Recording Audiometry

112

(1)

Impedance Audiometry

113

(2)

Tympanometry

113

(1)

Static Compliance

113

(1)

Physical Volume

114

(1)

Acoustic Reflex Thresholds

114

(1)

Acoustic Reflex Decay Test

115

(1)

Continuous Frequency Audiometry

115

(1)

Tinnitus Matching

115

(1)

High-Frequency Audiometry

115

(1)

Electrocochleography

115

(1)

Promontory Stimulation

116

(1)

Evoked-Response Audiometry

116

(3)

Cortical Evoked-Response Audiometry

116

(1)

Middle Latency Responses

116

(1)

Brainstem Evoked-Response Audiometry

117

(1)

Otoacoustic Emissions

117

(1)

References

118

(1)

Auditory-Evoked Phenomena: Theory and Clinical Applications

119

(10)

Mark T. Agrama

Robert T. Sataloff

Thomas O. Willcox

History of Auditory Theory

120

(1)

Electrocochleography

121

(1)

Auditory Brainstem Response

122

(1)

Otoacoustic Emissions

123

(2)

Conclusions

125

(4)

References

126

(3)

Conductive Hearing Loss

129

(66)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Diagnostic Criteria

131

(1)

Characteristic Features

132

(1)

Findings in Various Tests

133

(1)

Prognosis

134

(1)

Audiometric Patterns

134

(3)

The Danger of Incomplete Studies

137

(1)

Essential Criteria

137

(1)

Visible Obstruction of the External Auditory Canal

137

(1)

Congenital Aplasia

137

(2)

Embryonic Development

137

(1)

Congenital Abnormalities

138

(1)

The Question of Surgery

138

(1)

Studying the Extent of Involvement

138

(1)

Treacher Collins Syndrome

139

(1)

Stenosis of the Ear Canal

140

(1)

Exostosis of the Ear Canal

141

(1)

Impacted Cerumen

141

(2)

Occurrence

141

(1)

Tinnitus

142

(1)

Ruling Out an Organic Defect

142

(1)

Testing

142

(1)

Removal of Cerumen

142

(1)

Fluid in the External Auditory Canal

143

(1)

Collapse of the Ear Canal During Audiometry

144

(1)

External Otitis

145

(2)

Cause

145

(1)

Diagnosis

145

(2)

Treatment

147

(1)

Foreign Body in the Ear Canal

147

(1)

Carcinoma of the External Canal

148

(1)

Granuloma

148

(1)

Cysts in the Ear Canal

149

(1)

Other Causes

150

(1)

Abnormalities Visible in the Eardrum

150

(1)

Myringitis

150

(1)

Ruptured Eardrum

151

(1)

Definition

151

(1)

Causes

151

(1)

Treatment

151

(1)

A Tear in the Eardrum

151

(1)

Spark in the Eardrum

151

(2)

Perforated Eardrum

153

(2)

Extent of Hearing Loss

153

(1)

Testing for Hearing Loss

154

(1)

Perforations

154

(1)

Demonstration

154

(1)

Healing

154

(1)

Retracted Drum with Perforation

154

(1)

Methods of Closing

154

(1)

Retracted Eardrum

155

(1)

Flaccid Eardrum

156

(1)

The Senile Eardrum

156

(1)

Causes in Middle Ear and Communicating Structures

157

(1)

Catarrhal Deafness and Adhesions

157

(1)

Aerotitis Media (Middle Ear Barotrauma)

157

(2)

Hemotympanum

159

(2)

Secretory Otitis Media

161

(3)

Characteristic Features

161

(1)

Appearance and Treatment

162

(1)

Another Type of Secretory Otitis and its Differentiation from Otosclerosis

163

(1)

Serous Otitis Media and Adenoids

164

(1)

Definition

164

(1)

Causes

164

(1)

Difficult Detection

164

(1)

Aim of Therapy

165

(1)

Acute Otitis Media

165

(2)

Extent of Hearing Loss

165

(1)

The Question of Myringotomy

166

(1)

Antibiotics

166

(1)

Difference Between Acute and Chronic Otitis Media

166

(1)

Common Causes and Prevention

167

(1)

Final Checking of Hearing

167

(1)

Chronic Otitis Media

167

(1)

Tympanosclerosis

168

(1)

Carcinoma

169

(1)

Nasopharyngeal Tumors

170

(1)

Allergy

170

(1)

X-Ray Treatments

171

(1)

Systemic Diseases

171

(1)

Glomus Jugulare and Glomus Tympanicum

171

(3)

Causes with Apparently Normal Eardrums and Middle Ears

174

(12)

Congenital Ossicular Defects

174

(1)

Acquired Ossicular Defects

175

(2)

Otosclerosis

177

(1)

Clinical Otosclerosis

178

(1)

Extent of Hearing Loss

178

(1)

Characteristic Features

178

(2)

Differentiation

180

(1)

Variable Progress in the Hearing Loss of Each Ear

180

(1)

Other Types

180

(3)

Eustachian Tube and its Relationship to Conductive Hearing Loss

183

(1)

Action of the Eustachian Tube

183

(1)

Extent of Hearing Loss with Eustachian Tube Involvement

184

(1)

Injuries to the Eustachian Tube

185

(1)

Patulous Eustachian Tube

185

(1)

Hypertrophied Adenoids

186

(1)

Effects of Ear Surgery

187

(8)

Microscopes

187

(1)

Myringotomy

188

(1)

Hearing Loss Associated with Ear Surgery

188

(1)

Simple Mastoidectomy

189

(1)

Myringoplasty

189

(1)

Ossiculoplasty

190

(1)

Stapedectomy

191

(1)

Radical Mastoidectomy

192

(1)

Modified Radical Mastoidectomy, Tympanoplasty, and Intact Canal Wall Tympanomastoidectomy

192

(1)

Fenestration

193

(1)

References

194

(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Diagnostic Criteria

195

(126)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Classification

198

(1)

Limited Information

198

(1)

Corollaries to Classification

198

(1)

Relation of Pathology to Neural and Anatomic Mechanisms

198

(4)

Characteristic Features

202

(1)

Reduced Bone Conduction: Need for Complete Examination

202

(1)

Impaired Discrimination

202

(1)

General Characteristics

203

(1)

Aspects of Criteria

204

(3)

Loudness of Voice

204

(1)

Speech Discrimination

204

(1)

Tests and Their Shortcomings

205

(1)

Recruitment and Perception of Intensity

206

(1)

Hyperacusis

206

(1)

Almost Symptomless Types

207

(1)

Medical Treatment

207

(1)

Characteristic Audiometric Patterns

208

(1)

Differentiating Sensory Hearing Loss From Neural Hearing Loss

209

(2)

Sensory Hearing Loss

211

(4)

Characteristic Features of Sensory Hearing Loss

211

(2)

Audiometric Patterns in Sensory Hearing Loss

213

(1)

The Basic Audiologic Features

214

(1)

Neural Hearing Loss

215

(4)

Characteristic Features of Neural Hearing Loss

215

(2)

Comment on Criteria

217

(1)

Audiometric Patterns in Nerve Deafness

218

(1)

Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

219

(1)

Classification

219

(1)

Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss of Gradual Onset

219

(1)

Causes of Sudden Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

219

(1)

Causes of Sudden Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

219

(1)

Causes of Sensorineural Congenital Hearing Loss

220

(1)

Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss of Gradual Onset

220

(13)

Presbycusis

220

(1)

Development

220

(2)

A Complex Phenomenon

222

(1)

The Clinical Picture

223

(1)

Occupational Deafness

224

(1)

Otosclerosis (Sensorineural Sequelae)

225

(1)

Bone Conduction

225

(1)

Sensorineural Damage

225

(3)

Chronic Otitis Media

228

(1)

Paget's and van der Hoeve's Diseases

228

(1)

Other Genetic and Systemic Causes

229

(1)

Hearing Aid Amplification

229

(2)

Neuritis of the Auditory Nerve

231

(1)

Vascular Insufficiency

231

(1)

Unknown Causes of Bilateral and Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss of Gradual Onset

232

(1)

Causes of Sudden Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

233

(10)

Meningitis

235

(1)

Acute Infections

235

(1)

Functional Hearing Loss

236

(1)

Ototoxic Drugs

237

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

238

(1)

Autoimmune Hearing Loss

238

(5)

Congenital Syphilis

243

(1)

Unknown Causes

243

(1)

Causes of Sudden Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

243

(10)

Mumps

245

(1)

Direct Head Trauma and Acoustic Trauma

245

(1)

Meniere's Syndrome

245

(1)

Viral Infections

245

(3)

Rupture of Round-Window Membrane, Oval Window Membrane, or Inner-Ear Membrane

248

(1)

Vascular Disorders

248

(1)

Following Ear Surgery

249

(2)

Fistula of Oval Window

251

(1)

Following Anesthesia and General Surgery

251

(1)

Acoustic Neuromas

252

(1)

Unknown Causes of Sudden Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss

253

(1)

Causes of Sensory Hearing Loss

253

(32)

Meniere's Disease

255

(1)

Terms and Definition

255

(1)

Symptoms and Their Effect on the Patient

255

(1)

Vertigo and Tinnitus

256

(1)

Hearing Loss

256

(1)

Audiologic Findings

257

(1)

Recruitment

257

(1)

Clinical Studies

257

(1)

Laboratory Tests

258

(1)

Labyrinthine Tests

258

(1)

Treatment

259

(1)

Prolonged Exposures to Intense Noise (Occupational Deafness)

260

(1)

Two Components

260

(1)

Clinical History and Findings

260

(3)

Temporary Hearing Loss

263

(1)

Acoustic Trauma

264

(3)

Direct Head Trauma

267

(5)

Ototoxic Drugs

272

(2)

Sensory Hearing Loss After Ear Surgery

274

(1)

Mastoidectomy

274

(8)

Simple Stapes Mobilization Surgery

282

(1)

Stapedectomy

282

(1)

Discrimination

282

(1)

Cases of Tympanosclerosis

282

(3)

Early Presbycusis and Genetic Hearing loss

285

(1)

Congenital Defects in the Cochlea

285

(1)

Causes of Neural Hearing Loss

285

(6)

Acoustic Neuroma

286

(1)

Early Symptoms

286

(1)

Diagnostic Criteria

286

(2)

Fractured Skull and Acoustic Nerve Injury

288

(1)

Partial Section of the Acoustic Nerve

289

(1)

Virus Infection

289

(1)

Congenital Nerve Deafness

290

(1)

Toxicity and Other Nerve Injury

290

(1)

Surgery and Sensorineural Hearing Loss

291

(25)

Infection/Fistula

291

(1)

Far-Advanced Otosclerosis

292

(4)

Cranial Irradiation

296

(1)

Animal Models

296

(1)

Research Formats

297

(1)

Human Subjects

297

(5)

Treatment of Brainstem Tumors

302

(1)

Future Research Directions

303

(1)

Summary

304

(1)

Endolymphatic Sac Surgery

304

(1)

Acoustic Neuroma

305

(8)

Cochlear Implant

313

(3)

Conclusion

316

(5)

References

316

(5)

Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

321

(10)

Jeffrey M. Zimmerman

Robert T. Sataloff

Heidi Mandel

Steven Mandel

Infectious

322

(1)

Vascular

322

(1)

Immunologic

323

(1)

Traumatic

324

(1)

Neoplastic

325

(1)

Neurologic

326

(1)

Toxic

326

(1)

Metabolic

326

(1)

Management

326

(3)

Conclusion

329

(2)

References

329

(2)

Mixed, Central, and Functional Hearing Loss

331

(18)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Mixed Hearing Loss

331

(6)

Sensorineural Involvement

332

(1)

Evaluating Conductive and Sensorineural Components

333

(3)

Range of Conditions

336

(1)

Prognosis

336

(1)

Central Hearing Loss

337

(2)

Reaction to Tests in Diagnosis

337

(1)

Characteristic Features

337

(2)

Central Auditory Processing Disorders (CAPD)

339

(1)

Functional Hearing Loss

339

(10)

Cause and Characteristic Features

339

(1)

A Product of Both Military and Civilian Life

340

(1)

Functional Overlay

340

(1)

Diagnosis by Specific Features

341

(1)

Audiometric Patterns in Functional Hearing Loss

342

(1)

Should the Physician Undertake Psychotherapy?

342

(1)

Malingering

343

(5)

References

348

(1)

Systemic Causes of Hearing Loss

349

(54)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Hearing Loss Associated with Nonhereditary Systemic Disease

351

(18)

Rh Incompatibility

351

(1)

Hypoxia

351

(1)

Neonatal Jaundice

352

(1)

Rubella

352

(2)

Mumps

354

(1)

Rubeola and Other Infections

354

(1)

Flu

355

(1)

Fungal Diseases

355

(1)

Lassa Fever

355

(1)

Lyme Disease

355

(1)

HIV/AIDS

356

(1)

Meningitis

356

(1)

Tuberculosis

356

(1)

Sarcoidosis

357

(1)

Wegener's Granulomatosis

357

(1)

Vasculitis

358

(1)

Histiocytosis X

358

(1)

Hypoparathyroidism

359

(1)

Allergy

359

(1)

Hyperlipoproteinemia

360

(1)

Hypertension

360

(1)

Syphilis

360

(2)

Hypothyroidism

362

(1)

Hypoadrenalism and Hypopituitarism

362

(1)

Autoimmune Sensorineural Hearing Loss

362

(1)

Renal Failure

363

(1)

Aging

363

(1)

Psychosis

364

(1)

Malignancy

364

(1)

Coagulopathies

365

(1)

Glomus Jugulare and Glomus Tympanicum

365

(1)

Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm

366

(1)

Vascular Disease

366

(1)

Stroke

367

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

367

(1)

Infestations

368

(1)

Conclusion

368

(1)

Summary

368

(1)

Hearing Loss Associated with Hereditary Diseases and Syndromes

369

(34)

Diabetes Mellitus

369

(1)

Malignant Otitis Externa

370

(1)

Hypoglycemia

370

(1)

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia

370

(1)

Cleft Palate

371

(1)

Retinitis Pigmentosa

371

(1)

Glaucoma

372

(1)

Other Ophthalmological Abnormalities

372

(1)

Alport's Syndrome

373

(1)

Waardenburg's Syndrome

373

(1)

Albinism and Nerve Deafness

374

(1)

Leopard Syndrome

374

(1)

von Recklinghausen's Disease

375

(1)

Paget's Disease

375

(1)

Fibrous Dysplasia

376

(1)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

376

(2)

Crouzon's Disease

378

(1)

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

378

(1)

Treacher Collins and Franceschetti--Klein Syndromes

378

(1)

Pierre Robin Syndrome

379

(1)

Albers--Schonberg Disease

379

(2)

Klippel--Feil Syndrome

381

(1)

Dwarfism

381

(1)

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

381

(1)

Huntington's Chorea

382

(1)

Friedreich's Ataxia

382

(1)

Bassen--Kornzweig Syndrome

382

(1)

Unverricht's Epilepsy

382

(1)

Schilder's Disease

382

(1)

Neurological Deficiency

383

(1)

Pendred's Syndrome

383

(1)

Hyperprolinemia

383

(1)

Homocystinuria

383

(1)

Marfan's Syndrome

384

(1)

Mucopolysaccharidoses

384

(1)

Errors of Metabolism

385

(1)

Jervell and Lange--Nielsen Syndrome

386

(1)

Familial Streptomycin Ototoxicity

387

(1)

Sickle Cell Disease

387

(1)

Cystic Fibrosis

387

(1)

Kartagener's Syndrome

387

(1)

Immune Deficiency Syndromes

388

(1)

Chromosome Anomalies

388

(1)

No Associated Anomalies

389

(5)

Summary

394

(1)

References

394

(9)

Occupational Hearing Loss

403

(34)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Tracy M. Virag

Federal Regulation of Occupational Hearing Loss

405

(3)

Occupational Safety and Health Act Legislation

405

(1)

Development of a Noise Standard

406

(2)

Disability and Impairment

408

(1)

Characteristics of Occupational Hearing Loss

408

(4)

Audiometric Features

408

(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

409

(1)

Bilaterality of Occupational Hearing Loss

409

(1)

The 4000-Hz Audiometric Dip

409

(2)

Discrimination Scores

411

(1)

Gradual Hearing Loss with Early Onset

411

(1)

Asymptotic Hearing Loss

412

(1)

Limitations of the Audiogram

412

(3)

Other Causes of the 4000-Hz Dip

412

(1)

Viral Infections

412

(1)

Skull Trauma

412

(1)

Hereditary (Genetic) Hearing Loss

413

(1)

Ototoxicity

413

(1)

Acoustic Neuroma

414

(1)

Sudden Hearing Loss

414

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

415

(1)

Other Causes

415

(1)

Noise Exposure History

415

(4)

Histopathology of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

419

(4)

Cofactors Associated with Occupational Hearing Loss

423

(1)

Nonoccupational Noise Exposure

423

(1)

Aspirin

423

(1)

Smoking

423

(1)

Industrial Solvents

423

(1)

Nonorganic Hearing Loss

424

(1)

Prevention and Hearing Protectors

424

(1)

Case Reports

425

(6)

Case Report 1

425

(1)

Case Report 2

425

(1)

Case Report 3

426

(2)

Case Report 4

428

(1)

Case Report 5

428

(1)

Case Report 6

428

(2)

Case Report 7

430

(1)

Case Report 8

430

(1)

Calculating Hearing Impairment

431

(2)

Summary

433

(4)

References

433

(4)

Hearing Loss in Children

437

(18)

Tracy M. Virag

Mary Hawkshaw

Robert T. Sataloff

Classification of Hearing Loss

439

(1)

Common Causes of Pediatric Hearing Loss

439

(3)

Hereditary Causes of Hearing Loss

439

(1)

Prenatal Causes of Hearing Loss

439

(1)

Postnatal Causes of Hearing Loss

440

(1)

Outer Ear Causes of Postnatal Hearing Loss

440

(1)

Middle Ear Causes of Postnatal Hearing Loss

441

(1)

Inner Ear Causes of Postnatal Hearing Loss

441

(1)

Infant Hearing Impairment

442

(4)

Hearing and Speech

443

(1)

Diagnosing Hearing Loss Early

443

(1)

History of Auditory Behavior

444

(1)

Response to Noisemakers

444

(1)

Hearing and Behavior

445

(1)

Abnormal Auditory Behavior in a Normal Hearing Child

445

(1)

Hearing Testing by the Audiologist

446

(3)

Behavioral Audiologic Tests

446

(1)

Speech Reception Tests

446

(1)

Behavioral Observation Audiometry

447

(1)

Visual Reinforced Audiometry

447

(1)

Conditioned Play Audiometry

447

(1)

Nonbehavioral Audiologic Tests

447

(1)

Brainstem Evoked-Response Audiometry

448

(1)

Otoacoustic Emissions

448

(1)

Psychogalvanic Skin Resistance Test

448

(1)

School Testing Programs

449

(1)

Pediatric Treatment of Hearing Loss

449

(3)

Conductive Hearing Loss

450

(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

450

(1)

Aural Rehabilitation

451

(1)

Hearing Aids

451

(1)

Speech Reading and Auditory Training

451

(1)

A Team of Specialists

452

(1)

Summary

452

(3)

Hearing Loss: Handicap and Rehabilitation

455

(22)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Tracy M. Virag

Caren Sokolow

Effect on the Personality

456

(5)

The Relationship Between Hearing and Speech

457

(1)

High-Frequency Hearing Loss and Distortion

457

(1)

Dynamic Aspects of Hearing-Loss Handicap

458

(1)

Reactions to Hearing Loss

458

(1)

Psychosocial Impact of Hearing Loss

459

(1)

Economic and Family Aspects

459

(1)

The Plight of the Elderly Hearing Impaired

459

(1)

Effect of Profound Hearing Losses

460

(1)

Effect on Social Contacts

460

(1)

Aural Rehabilitation

461

(3)

Hearing Aids

464

(13)

Hearing Aid Evaluation

464

(1)

Hearing Aid Components

465

(1)

Ear Molds

465

(1)

Special Considerations for Abnormal Ear Anatomy and Earmolds

465

(2)

Types of Aids

467

(1)

The Body Aid

467

(1)

The Eyeglass Aid

468

(1)

The Behind-the-Ear Aid

468

(1)

The In-the-Ear Aid

468

(1)

Performance Characteristics

468

(1)

Hearing Aid Circuitry

469

(1)

Analog Hearing Aids

469

(1)

Analog--Digital Hybrids

469

(1)

Digital Hearing Aids

469

(1)

Controls

469

(1)

Automatic Gain Control

469

(1)

Noise Suppression Features

470

(1)

Feedback Reduction

470

(1)

Volume

470

(1)

Switches and Buttons

470

(1)

The Hearing Aid User

471

(1)

Hearing Aids in Children

471

(1)

Noncandidacy for a Hearing Aid

471

(1)

Special Hearing Aid Systems

472

(1)

CROS Systems

472

(1)

BICROS Systems

472

(1)

Transcranial CROS

473

(1)

IROS System

473

(1)

High-Frequency Hearing Aids

473

(1)

Bone-Conduction Hearing Aids

473

(1)

Implantable Devices

473

(1)

Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids

473

(1)

Middle Ear Implants

474

(1)

Cochlear Implant

474

(1)

Brainstem Implants

474

(1)

Assistive Devices

475

(1)

References

475

(2)

Hearing Protection Devices

477

(20)

Sandra Markowitz

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Protector Performance Characteristics and Limitations

478

(2)

Protector Types

480

(5)

Ear Canals

480

(1)

Inserts

481

(1)

Earmuffs

482

(2)

Concha-Seated Ear Protectors

484

(1)

Combining Earplugs and Earmuffs

485

(1)

Concerns

485

(1)

Other Hearing Protection Devices

486

(1)

Musician's Earplugs

486

(1)

In-Ear Monitors

486

(1)

Communication Headsets

486

(1)

Electronic Ear Protection

487

(1)

Hearing Protection, Hearing Loss, and Hearing Aids

487

(1)

Use of Hearing Aids in Noise

487

(1)

Other Precautions

487

(1)

Noise Reduction Rating

487

(1)

Amount of Protection Provided in Practice

488

(5)

Noise Reduction and Communication

493

(1)

Communication While Wearing Protectors

493

(1)

Checking Hearing Protection Attenuation

493

(1)

Characteristics of Successful Ear Protector Users

494

(1)

Documents

495

(1)

Employee Education

495

(1)

New Emphasis on Engineering Controls

496

(1)

References

496

(1)

Tinnitus

497

(14)

Robert T. Sataloff

Diagnostic Significance of the Description of Tinnitus

501

(1)

Physical Examination and Testing

501

(1)

Audiometry in the Presence of Tinnitus

502

(1)

Tinnitus with a Normal Audiogram

502

(1)

Tinnitus with Hidden High-Frequency Hearing Losses

502

(1)

Tinnitus and Otosclerosis

503

(1)

Tinnitus in Meniere's Disease

504

(1)

Tinnitus After Head Trauma, Exposure to Noise

504

(1)

``Acoustic Neuritis,'' Acoustic Neuroma, and Miscellaneous Causes

505

(1)

Temporomandibular Joint Problems

505

(1)

Functional Causes

505

(1)

Managing the Patient with Tinnitus

506

(1)

Tinnitus Maskers, Habituators and Retraining

507

(1)

Surgery

507

(1)

Research

508

(1)

Future Research

508

(3)

References

509

(2)

Dizziness

511

(28)

Robert T. Sataloff

Vertigo

512

(3)

Physical Examination

514

(1)

Blood Tests

515

(1)

Vestibular Testing

515

(1)

Electronystagmography

516

(1)

Dynamic Posturography

517

(9)

Imaging Studies

517

(9)

Evoked Vestibular Response

526

(1)

CT and MRI Studies

527

(1)

Dynamic Imaging Studies

527

(2)

Peripheral Causes

529

(1)

Nervous System Involvement and Other Causes

530

(1)

Cervical Vertigo

531

(1)

Treatment

531

(1)

Physical Therapy

532

(2)

Surgery

533

(1)

Special Considerations in Industry

534

(3)

Proposed Classification

534

(1)

Symptoms Elicited by History

534

(1)

Signs on Physical Examination

535

(1)

Laboratory Test Results

535

(1)

Consistency

535

(1)

Criteria of Disability Resulting from Impairment of Spatial Orientation and Equilibrium

536

(1)

Class 1: Impairment of the Whole Person (0%)

536

(1)

Class 2: Impairment of the Whole Person (1--10%)

536

(1)

Class 3: Impairment of the Whole Person (11--30%)

536

(1)

Class 4: Impairment of the Whole Person (31--50%)

536

(1)

Class 5: Impairment of the Whole Person (51--75%)

536

(1)

Class 6: Impairment of the Whole Person (76--95%)

536

(1)

Disability

536

(1)

Conclusion

537

(2)

References

537

(2)

Facial Paralysis

539

(6)

Robert T. Sataloff

Mary Hawkshaw

Anatomy

539

(2)

Evaluation

541

(1)

Facial Nerve Testing

541

(1)

Case Report

541

(1)

Simple Topognostic Tests

542

(1)

Electromyography

542

(1)

Electroneuronography

542

(1)

Causes of Facial Paralysis

543

(1)

Treatment

544

(1)

Reference

544

(1)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Temporal Bone

545

(28)

Mikhail Vaysberg

Robert T. Sataloff

Etiology

546

(1)

Clinical Characteristics

547

(2)

Diagnostic Challenge

548

(1)

Radiology

549

(1)

Classification

550

(1)

Management

551

(1)

Surgical Treatment

551

(6)

Sleeve Resection

551

(1)

Lateral Temporal Bone Resection

552

(2)

Procedures for Stage III and IV Diseases

554

(1)

Piecemeal Removal of Tumor

554

(1)

Subtotal Temporal Bone Resection

554

(1)

Temporal Bone Resection

555

(2)

Complications of Temporal Bone Resection

557

(1)

Patient Selection

557

(1)

Reconstruction

558

(2)

Prospective

560

(1)

Radiation Therapy

561

(1)

Patterns of Spread

562

(1)

Prognostic Factors

563

(3)

Quality of Life Issues

566

(1)

Chemotherapy

566

(1)

Conclusion

567

(6)

References

567

(6)

Sarcomas of the Temporal Bone

573

(30)

Brian A. Neff

Robert T. Sataloff

Rhabdomyosarcoma

574

(9)

Demographics

574

(1)

Pathology

575

(2)

Clinical Presentation/Diagnostic Work-up

577

(1)

Historical Treatment

578

(1)

Treatment

579

(4)

Chondrosarcoma

583

(3)

Embryology

583

(1)

Demographics

583

(1)

Pathology

583

(1)

Clinical Presentation

584

(1)

Treatment

585

(1)

Osteosarcoma

586

(3)

Demographics

586

(1)

Pathology

587

(1)

Clinical Presentation/Diagnostic Work-up

588

(1)

Treatment

588

(1)

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

589

(2)

Demographics

589

(1)

Pathology

590

(1)

Prognosis

590

(1)

Treatment

590

(1)

Fibrosarcoma

591

(2)

Demographics

591

(1)

Pathology/Prognosis

591

(1)

Treatment

592

(1)

Ewing's Sarcoma

593

(2)

Demographics

593

(1)

Pathology

593

(1)

Clinical Presentation and Work-up

594

(1)

Treatment

594

(1)

Neurogenic Sarcoma

595

(2)

Demographics

595

(1)

Histology

595

(1)

Clinical Presentation

596

(1)

Treatment

596

(1)

Angiosarcoma

597

(1)

Liposarcomas

598

(1)

Leiomyosarcoma

598

(1)

Conclusion

598

(5)

References

599

(4)

Implications of Nutraceutical Modulation of Glutathione with Cystine and Cysteine in General Health and Otology

603

(32)

Thomas A. Kwyer

Gustavo Bounous

Robert T. Sataloff

Introduction

604

(1)

Glutathione and the Impact of Glutathione Deficiency in Medicine

605

(1)

Glutathione Enzymes

605

(1)

Proton Donation, Positive Nitrogen Balance, Cysteine, and Cystine

606

(2)

Glutathione is a Determinant Factor of the Type of Immune Response

608

(1)

Adequate Glutathione Level Favors Lymphocyte-Mediated Cellular Immunity

608

(1)

Lymphocytes and Macrophages Differ in Their Preference for Cysteine or Cystine

608

(1)

Lymphocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Selection

609

(1)

Glutathione Deficiency, HIV/AIDS, and Survival

609

(1)

Pathogenesis of Immune Deficiency in HIV/AIDS: Cytokine Shift

610

(1)

Pathogenesis of Immune Deficiency in HIV/AIDS: Apoptosis

610

(1)

Apoptosis, Glutathione, and Bcl-2

611

(1)

Mechanism of CD4+ Cell Invasion in HIV/AIDS: Cell Surface Antigen Expression

611

(1)

Neurodegenerative Disorders: GSH Prevention of Neuronal Death

612

(1)

GSH, Dopamine, and Glutamate: Roles in Parkinson's Disease

613

(1)

Glutathione Deficiency and Wound Healing

613

(1)

Immunonutrients and Clinical Outcomes

614

(1)

Inflammation: Essential Nutrient Deficiency Resulting in Immune Dysfunction

615

(1)

A Summary of the Effects of Glutathione and Cysteine

615

(1)

Increasing Intracellular Glutathione with Cysteine and Cysteine Pro-Drugs

616

(1)

Cystine is the Optimal Form of Cysteine for Intracellular Glutathione Synthesis

617

(1)

Nutraceutical Modulation and Cancer Research

617

(1)

The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Moleculopathogenesis of Prostate Cancer

618

(1)

Reversing Epigenetic Lesions: Implications for Prevention and Reversal of Cancer

619

(1)

The Glutathione and Cysteine Pathway in Cancer

620

(1)

GSH-Mediated Reversal of Age-Related Events: Evidence for Biochemical Rejuvenation

621

(1)

Nutraceutical Modulation and Clinical Outcomes

621

(1)

Nutraceutical Materials

621

(3)

Nutraceutical Supplementation in Otology

624

(2)

Practical Considerations

624

(1)

General Health and Wellness

624

(1)

Presbycusis

624

(1)

Tinnitus and Dizziness

625

(1)

Structural Lesions of the Ear

625

(1)

Ear Surgery

625

(1)

Conclusion

626

(9)

Acknowledgments

626

(1)

References

626

(9)

Hearing in Dogs

635

(8)

D. Caroline Coile

Interaural Distance

635

(1)

Outer Ear

636

(1)

Middle Ear

637

(1)

Inner Ear

638

(1)

Pigment-Related Deafness

639

(4)

References

640

(3)

Tables Summarizing Differential Diagnosis

643

(20)

Robert T. Sataloff

Joseph Sataloff

Appendix 1. Anatomy of the Ear

663

(6)

Appendix 2. Otopathology

669

(16)

Appendix 3. Otosclerosis, Paget's Disease, and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Involving the Ear

685

(2)

Appendix 4. Neurofibromatosis

687

(4)

Index

691

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Hearing Loss, Fourth Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials