The Heritage of World Civilizations Volume 1
, by Craig, Albert M.; Graham, William A.; Kagan, Donald M.; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.
- ISBN: 9780205803484 | 0205803482
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/22/2010
Written by leading scholars in their respective fields, The Heritage of World Civilizationsoffers compelling and thorough coverage of the unique heritage of Asian, African,#xA0;Middle Eastern, European, and American civilizations, while highlighting the role of the world's great religious and philosophical traditions.
Albert M. Craig is the Harvard-Yenching Research Professor of History Emeritus at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1959. A graduate of Northwestern University, he received his Ph.D. at Harvard University. He has studied at Strasbourg University and at Kyoto, Keio, and Tokyo universities in Japan. He is the author of Choshu in the Meiji Restoration (1961), The Heritage of Japanese Civilization (2011), and, with others, of East Asia , Tradition and Transformation (1989). He is the editor of Japan , A Comparative View (1973) and co-editor of Personality in Japanese History (1970), Civilization and
Enlightnment: the Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi (2009). He was the director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute. He has also been a visiting professor at Kyoto and Tokyo universities. He has received Guggenheim, Fulbright, and Japan Foundation Fellowships. In 1988 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government.
William A. Graham is Albertson Professor of Middle Eastern Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and O’Brian Professor of Divinity and Dean in the Faculty of Divinity at Harvard University, where he has taught for thirty-four years. He has directed the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and chaired the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, the Committee on the Study of Religion, and the Core Curriculum Committee on Foreign Cultures. He received his BA in Comparative Literature from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, an A.M. and Ph.D. in History of Religion from Harvard, and studied also in Göttingen, Tübingen, Lebanon, and London. He is former chair of the Council on Graduate Studies in Religion (U.S. and Canada). In 2000 he received the quinquennial Award for Excellence in Research in Islamic History and Culture from the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. He has held John Simon Guggenheim and Alexander von Humboldt research fellowships and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his publications are Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion (1987); Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam (1977–ACLS History of Religions Prize, 1978); and Three Faiths, One God (co-authored, 2003).
Donald Kagan is Sterling Professor of History and Classics at Yale University, where he has taught since 1969. He received the A.B. degree in history from Brooklyn College, the M.A. in classics from Brown University, and the Ph.D. in history from Ohio State University. During 1958–1959 he studied at the American School of Classical Studies as a Fulbright Scholar. He has received three awards for undergraduate teaching at Cornell and Yale. He is the author of a history of Greek political thought, The Great Dialogue (1965); a four-volume history of the Peloponnesian war, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1969); The Archidamian War (1974); The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981); The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); a biography of Pericles, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (1991); On the Origins of War (1995); and The Peloponnesian War (2003). He is coauthor, with Frederick W. Kagan, of While America Sleeps (2000). With Brian Tierney and L. Pearce Williams, he is the editor of Great Issues in Western Civilization, a collection of readings. He was awarded the National Humanities Medal for 2002 and was chosen by the National Endowment for the Humanities to deliver the Jefferson Lecture in 2004.
Steven Ozment is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University. He has taught Western Civilization at Yale, Stanford, and Harvard. He is the author of eleven books. The Age of Reform, 1250—1550 (1980) won the Schaff Prize and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award. Five of his books have been selections of the History Book Club: Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in Sixteenth Century Europe (1986), Three Behaim Boys: Growing Up in Early Modern Germany (1990), Protestants: The Birth of A Revolution (1992), The Burgermeister’s Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth Century German Town (1996), and Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (1999). His most recent publications are Ancestors: The Loving Family of Old Europe (2001), A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People (2004), and “Why We Study Western Civ,” The Public Interest 158 (2005).
Frank M. Turner is John Hay Whitney Professor of History at Yale University and Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, where he served as University Provost from 1988 to 1992. He received his B.A. degree at the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from Yale. He has received the Yale College Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute. His scholarly research has received the support of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center. He is the author of Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974), The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981), which received the British Council Prize of the Conference on British Studies and the Yale Press Governors Award, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (1993), and John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion (2002). He has also contributed numerous articles to journals and has served on the editorial advisory boards of The Journal of Modern History, Isis, and Victorian Studies. He edited The Idea of a University by John Henry Newman (1996), Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (2003), and Apologia Pro Vita Sua and Six Sermons by John Henry Newman (2008). Between l996 and 2006 he served as a Trustee of Connecticut College and between 2004 and 2008 as a member of the Connecticut Humanities Council. In 2003, Professor Turner was appointed Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
Documents xix
Maps xxi
Preface xxiii
Part 1
Human Origins and Early Civilizations
to 500 B.C.E.
CHAPTER 1
The Birth of Civilization 1
Early Humans and Their Culture 2
The Paleolithic Age 2
Global Perspective: Civilizations 2
The Neolithic Age 3
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization 7
Early Civilizations in the Middle East
to About 1000 B.C.E. 8
Mesopotamian Civilization 8
A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map 13
Egyptian Civilization 14
Ancient Near Eastern Empires 20
The Hittites 21
The Kassites 21
The Mitannians 21
The Assyrians 21
The Second Assyrian Empire 22
The Neo-Babylonians 23
Early Indian Civilization 23
The Indus Civilization 23
The Vedic Aryan Civilization 26
Early Chinese Civilization 30
Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley 30
Early Bronze Age: The Shang 31
Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou 32
Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou 32
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas 35
Summary 37
Key Terms 38
Review Questions 38
CHAPTER 2
Four Great Revolutions in Thought
and Religion 40
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions 41
Philosophy in China 41
Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion 42
Confucianism 43
Daoism 46
Legalism 49
Religion in India 49
“Hindu” and “Indian” 49
Historical Background 49
The Upanishadic Worldview 50
Mahavira and the Jain Tradition 52
The Buddha’s Middle Path 54
A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama
as Fasting Ascetic (2nd Century C . E .) 55
The Religion of the Israelites 56
From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation 57
The Monotheistic Revolution 58
Greek Philosophy 61
Reason and the Scientific Spirit 63
Political and Moral Philosophy 65
Summary 70
Key Terms 70
Review Questions 71
Religions of the World: Judaism 72
Part 2
Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World,
1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
CHAPTER 3
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization 74
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to
ca. 1150 B.C.E. 75
The Minoans 75
The Mycenaeans 76
Global Perspective: The Achievement of Greek
and Hellenistic Civilization 76
Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E. 77
The Age of Homer 78
The Polis 80
Development of the Polis 80
The Hoplite Phalanx 81
Expansion of the Greek World 82
Greek Colonies 82
The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B . C . E .) 82
Life in Archaic Greece 84
Society 84
Religion 85
Poetry 87
Major City-States 87
Sparta87
Athens89
The Persian Wars 91
Ionian Rebellion 91
The War in Greece 92
A Closer Look: The Trireme 93
Classical Greece 94
The Delian League 94
The First Peloponnesian War 94
The Athenian Empire 96
Athenian Democracy 96
Women of Athens 97
The Great Peloponnesian War 98
Struggle for Greek Leadership 100
Fifth Century B . C . E . 102
Fourth Century B . C . E . 104
Emergence of the Hellenistic World 104
Macedonian Conquest 104
Alexander the Great and His Successors 105
Death of Alexander 108
Alexander’s Successors 108
Hellenistic Culture 109
Literature 110
Architecture and Sculpture 111
Mathematics and Science 112
Summary 113
Key Terms 113
Review Questions 113
CHAPTER 4
West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia
to 1000 C.E. 115
Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles
in the Eurasian World before Islam 116
WEST AND INNER ASIA 118
The Ancient Background 118
The Elamites 118
The Iranian Peoples 119
Ancient Iranian Religion 120
Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition 120
The First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau
(550–330 B.C.E.) 120
The Achaemenids 120
The Achaemenid State 122
The Achaemenid Economy 123
The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East
(ca. 312–63 B.C.E.) 124
The Parthian Arsacid Empire
(ca. 247 B.C.E.–223 C.E.) 124
The Indo-Greeks, Sythians, and Kushans 125
Sythians and Kushans 126
The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.) 126
Society and Economy 128
Religion 128
Later Sasanid Developments 131
SOUTH ASIA TO 1000 C.E. 131
The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas
(321–185 B.C.E.) 131
Political Background 131
The Mauryas 131
The Consolidation of Indian Civilization
(ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.) 134
A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka
at Sarnath 135
The Economic Base 136
High Culture 136
Religion and Society 136
The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E.) 137
Gupta Rule 137
Gupta Culture 138
The Development of “Classical” Indian Civilization
(ca. 300–1000 C.E.) 138
Society 138
Religion 140
Summary 143
Key Terms 144
Review Questions 145
Religions of the World: Hinduism 146
CHAPTER 5
Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E. 148
Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines 149
The Question of “Civilization” 149
Source Issues 149
History and Disciplinary Boundaries 149
Physical Description of the Continent 150
Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples
and Nontraditional Histories 150
African Peoples 154
Africa and Early Human Culture 154
Diffusion of Languages and Peoples 154
“Race” and Physiological Variation 155
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning
of the Common Era 157
Early Saharan Cultures 157
Neolithic Sudanic Cultures 157
The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture 158
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands 158
The Kingdom of Kush 158
The Napatan Empire 159
The Meroitic Empire 159
The Aksumite Empire 161
Isolation of Christian Ethiopia 163
The Western and Central Sudan 163
Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers 163
Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First
Millennium 165
Central, Southern, and East Africa 167
Bantu Expansion and Diffusion 167
A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from
Tassili n-Ajjer (4000–2000 B . C . E .) 168
The Khoisan and Twa Peoples 170
East Africa170
Summary 173
Key Terms 173
Review Questions 174
CHAPTER 6
Republican and Imperial Rome 175
Prehistoric Italy 176
The Etruscans 176
Royal Rome 176
Global Perspective: Republican
and Imperial Rome 176
Government 177
Family 177
Clientage 177
Patricians and Plebeians 178
The Republic 178
Constitution 178
Conquest of Italy 179
Rome and Carthage 179
A Closer Look: Lictors 180
The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World 183
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic:
Greek Influence 183
Religion 183
Education 184
Roman Imperialism 185
Aftermath of Conquest 185
The Gracchi 186
Marius and Sulla 187
War against the Italian Allies (90–88 B . C . E .) 188
Sulla’s Dictatorship 188
The Fall of the Republic 188
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 188
The First Triumvirate 188
The Dictatorship of Julius Caesar 188
The Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian 189
The Augustan Principate 189
Administration 190
The Army and Defense 190
Religion and Morality 191
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages 191
The Late Republic 191
The Age of Augustus 192
Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome (14–180 C.E.) 193
Administration of the Empire 195
Culture of the Early Empire 197
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House 198
The Rise of Christianity 198
Jesus of Nazareth 199
Paul of Tarsus 199
Organization 200
Persecution of Christians 201
Emergence of Catholicism 201
Rome as a Center of the Early Church 202
The Crisis of the Third Century 202
Barbarian Invasions 202
Economic Difficulties 202
The Social Order 202
Civil Disorder 203
The Late Empire 203
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization 203
Diocletian 203
Constantine204
Triumph of Christianity 205
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire 207
Preservation of Classical Culture 207
Christian Writers 207
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in
the West 208
Summary 208
Key Terms 210
Review Questions 210
CHAPTER 7
China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E. 212
Qin Unification of China 213
Global Perspective: China’s First Empire 214
Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.) 215
The Dynastic Cycle 215
Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty 215
Han Wudi 216
The Xiongnu 216
A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First
Qin Emperor 217
Government during the Former Han 218
The Silk Road 220
Decline and Usurpation 221
Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath 222
First Century 222
Decline during the Second Century 222
Aftermath of Empire 222
Han Thought and Religion 224
Han Confucianism 224
History 225
Neo-Daoism 225
Buddhism 227
Summary 230
Key Terms 230
Review Questions 230
Part 3
Consolidation and Interaction of World
Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.
CHAPTER 8
Imperial China, 589–1368 232
Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang
(618–907) Dynasties 233
The Sui Dynasty 233
The Tang Dynasty 233
Global Perspective: Imperial China 234
A Closer Look: A Tang Painting
of the Goddess of Mercy 242
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty
(960–1279) 244
Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free
Farmers 244
Commercial Revolution of the Song 245
Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy 247
Song Culture 249
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty
(1279–1368) 252
Rise of the Mongol Empire 252
Mongol Rule in China 253
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture 255
Last Years of the Yuan 258
Summary 258
Key Terms 258
Review Questions 259
CHAPTER 9
Early Japanese History 260
Japanese Origins 261
The Jo-mon, Japan’s Old Stone Age 261
The Yayoi Revolution 262
Global Perspective: East Asia 262
Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea 263
Religion in Early Japan 265
Nara and Heian Japan 267
Court Government 267
People, Land, and Taxes 269
Rise of the Samurai 270
Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism 270
Chinese Tradition in Japan 271
The Birth of Japanese Literature 273
Nara and Heian Buddhism 274
Japan’s Early Feudal Age 276
The Kamakura Era 276
A Closer Look: The East Meets the East 278
The Question of Feudalism 279
The Ashikaga Era 280
Women in Warrior Society 281
Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds 281
Buddhism and Medieval Culture 282
Japanese Pietism: Pure Land
and Nichiren Buddhism 282
Zen Buddhism 283
No- Plays 285
Summary 285
Key Terms 286
Review Questions 286
Religions of the World: Buddhism 288
CHAPTER 10
The Formation of Islamic Civilization,
622–1000 290
Origins and Early Development 291
The Setting 291
Muhammad and the Qur’an 292
Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds
of Arab and Persian Cultures 292
Women in Early Islamic Society 295
Early Islamic Conquests 297
Course of Conquest 297
Factors of Success 297
The New Islamic World Order 298
A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem (Interior) 300
The Caliphate 301
The Ulama 302
The Umma 303
The High Caliphate 306
The Abbasid State 306
Society 306
Decline 306
Islamic Culture in the Classical Era 307
Intellectual Traditions 308
Language and Literature 309
Art and Architecture 309
Summary 311
Key Terms 311
Review Questions 311
CHAPTER 11
The Byzantine Empire and Western
Europe to 1000 313
The End of the Western Roman Empire 314
Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages 314
The Byzantine Empire 316
The Reign of Justinian 317
The Impact of Islam on East and West 325
Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization 326
The Western Debt to Islam 326
The Developing Roman Church 327
Monastic Culture 328
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy 329
Division of Christendom 330
The Kingdom of the Franks 331
Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to
Charlemagne 331
Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) 332
A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover 337
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom 338
Feudal Society 339
Origins 340
Vassalage and the Fief 341
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty 342
Summary 342
Key Terms 343
Review Questions 343
CHAPTER 12
The Islamic World, 1000–1500 345
THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS 346
Religion and Society 346
Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy 346
Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic
Civilization, 1000–1500 346
Sufi Piety and Organization 350
Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions 351
Regional Developments 351
Spain , North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean
Islamic World 351
Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World 352
The Islamic East: Asia before the Mongol Conquests 355
Islamic Asia in the Mongol Age 356
A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies
(Maqamat) 358
The Spread of Islam beyond the Heartlands 360
ISLAMIC INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 360
The Spread of Islam to South Asia 360
Muslim–Hindu Encounter 362
Islamic States and Dynasties 363
Southeast Asia363
Religious and Cultural Accommodation 364
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions 366
Summary 366
Key Terms 367
Review Questions 367
CHAPTER 13
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 369
Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations
of the Americas 370
Problems in Reconstructing the History
of Native American Civilization 371
Mesoamerica 372
Mesoamerican Ball Games 373
The Formative Period and the Emergence
of Mesoamerican Civilization 374
The Olmec 375
The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban 376
The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican
Calendar 376
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica 376
Teotihuacán 377
A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun
in Teotihuacán 378
The Maya 379
The Post-Classic Period 383
The Toltecs 384
The Aztecs 384
Andean South America 390
The Preceramic and the Initial Periods 391
Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon 392
The Early Intermediate Period 392
Nazca 392
Moche 393
The Middle Horizon through the Late
Intermediate Period 394
Tiwanaku and Huari 394
The Chimu Empire 395
The Inca Empire 395
Summary 398
Key Terms 399
Review Questions 399
CHAPTER 14
Africa ca. 1000–1700 401
North Africa and Egypt 402
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara 402
Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700 402
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan 404
Ghana404
Mali405
Songhai408
Kanem and Kanem-Bornu 410
The Eastern Sudan 412
The Forestlands—Coastal West and
Central Africa 412
West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example
of Benin 412
A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief
and Two Attendants 413
European Arrivals on the Coastlands 414
Central Africa415
East Africa 417
Swahili Culture and Commerce 417
The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar 419
Southern Africa 419
Southeastern Africa: “Great Zimbabwe” 419
The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa 420
South Africa : The Cape Colony 421
Summary 422
Key Terms 422
Review Questions 422
CHAPTER 15
Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline,
and Renaissance 424
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns 425
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire 425
The Reviving Catholic Church 425
The Crusades 426
Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages
in Western Europe 426
A Closer Look: European Embrace
of a Black Saint 431
Towns and Townspeople 432
Society 436
The Order of Life 436
Medieval Women 439
Growth of National Monarchies 440
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines
(1214) 440
France in the Thirteenth Century: Reign of Louis IX 441
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272) 442
Political and Social Breakdown 444
Hundred Years’War 444
The Black Death 444
New Conflicts and Opportunities 447
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival:
The Late Medieval Church 447
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair 447
The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar
Movement to 1449 448
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) 448
The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism 449
Humanism 449
Renaissance Art in and beyond Italy 451
Italy ’s Political Decline: The French Invasions
(1494–1527) 452
Niccolò Machiavelli 453
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building
in the Fifteenth Century 454
Medieval Russia 455
France455
Spain455
England457
Summary 457
Key Terms 458
Review Questions 458
Part 4
The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850
CHAPTER 16
Europe, 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation,
and Religious Wars 460
The Discovery of a New World 461
The Portuguese Chart the Course 461
The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus 462
Global Perspective: European Expansion 462
Impact on Europe and America 463
The Reformation 463
Religion and Society 465
Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church 465
Secular Control over Religious Life 466
The Northern Renaissance 466
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 467
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 472
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 472
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 472
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation 473
The English Reformation to 1553 474
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation 475
The Reformation’s Achievements 476
Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life 477
Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life 478
Family Life in Early Modern Europe 478
A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary
on the Sexes 479
The Wars of Religion 480
French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 481
Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II
(1556–1598) 483
England and Spain (1558–1603) 484
The Thirty Years’War (1618–1648) 485
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within 487
Witch Hunts and Panic 487
Writers and Philosophers 488
Summary 492
Key Terms 492
Review Questions 492
Religions of the World: Christianity 494
CHAPTER 17
Conquest and Exploitation: The Development
of the Transatlantic Economy 496
Periods of European Overseas Expansion 497
Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation 498
Global Perspective: The Atlantic World 498
Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America 500
Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas 500
The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America 501
Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire 503
Varieties of Economic Activity 503
Commercial Regulation and the Flota System 505
Colonial Brazil 507
French and British Colonies in North America 509
The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and
Agriculture 510
Diseases Enter the Americas 511
Animals and Agriculture 513
Slavery in the Americas 515
The Background of Slavery 515
Establishment of Slavery 516
The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade 517
Slavery on the Plantations 517
Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade 518
Slavery and Slaving in Africa 519
The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade 520
The Extent of the Slave Trade 522
Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa 522
A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes 525
Summary 526
Key Terms 527
Review Questions 527
GLOSSARY G-1
SUGGESTED READINGS S-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1
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