High Performance Concrete

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ISBN: 9780419192701 | 0419192700
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/25/1998

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Contains numerous examples & field cases explaining in detail how to select the materials to make High Performance Concrete (HPC), how to proportion them to achieve the required strength & workability, & how HPC must be tested.

Foreword by Adam Neville, CBE, FEng

Foreword by Yves Mailer

xxii

Preface

xxv

Acknowledgements

xxx

Terminology: some personal choices

(4)

About the title of this book

(1)

Water/cement, water/cementitious materials or water/binder ratio

(1)

Normal strength concrete/ordinary concrete/usual concrete

(1)

High-strength or high-performance concrete

(1)

References

(16)

2 Introduction

(14)

Reference

(12)

A historical perspective

(11)

Precursors and pioneers

(4)

From water reducers to superplasticizers

(2)

The arrival of silica fume

(1)

Present status

(4)

References

(47)

The high-performance concrete rationale

(45)

Introduction

(1)

For the owner

(1)

For the designer

(1)

For the contractor

(1)

For the concrete producer

(2)

For the environment

(1)

Case studies

(40)

Water Tower Place

(2)

Gullfaks offshore platform

(4)

Sylans and Glacieres viaducts

(4)

Scotia Plaza

(3)

Ile de Re bridge

(3)

Two Union Square

(3)

Joigny bridge

(3)

Montee St-Remi bridge

(4)

`Pont de Normandie' bridge

(4)

Hibernia offshore platform

(6)

Confederation bridge

(4)

References

(19)

High-performance concrete principles

(15)

Introduction

(1)

Concrete failure under compressive load

(3)

Improving the strength of hydrated cement paste

(5)

Porosity

(4)

Decreasing the grain size of hydration products

(1)

Reducing inhomogeneities

(1)

Improving the strength of the transition zone

(2)

The search for strong aggregates

(1)

Rheology of low water/binder ratio mixtures

(1)

Optimization of grain size distribution of aggregates

(1)

Optimization of grain size distribution of cementitious particles

(1)

The use of supplementary cementitious materials

(1)

The water/binder ratio law

(2)

Concluding remarks

(1)

References

(57)

Review of the relevant properties of some ingredients of high-performance concrete

101

(55)

Introduction

101

(1)

Portland cement

101

(20)

Composition

101

(2)

Clinker manufacture

103

(3)

Clinker microstructure

106

(5)

Portland cement manufacture

111

(2)

Portland cement acceptance tests

113

(2)

Portland cement hydration

115

(1)

Step 1 Mixing period

116

(1)

Step 2 The dormant period

117

(1)

Step 3 Initial setting

118

(1)

Step 4 Hardening

119

(1)

Step 5 Slowdown

120

(1)

Concluding remarks on Portland cement hydration from a high-performance concrete point of view

120

(1)

Portland cement and water

121

(18)

From water reducers to supperplasticizers

122

(4)

Types of superplasticizer

126

(1)

Manufacture of superplasticizers

126

(1)

First step: sulfonation

126

(1)

Second step: condensation

127

(1)

Third step: neutralization

128

(1)

Fourth step: filtration (in the case of calcium salt)

129

(1)

Portland cement hydration in the presence of superplasticizers

130

(6)

The crucial role of calcium sulfate

136

(1)

Superplasticizer acceptance

137

(1)

Concluding remarks

138

(1)

Supplementary cementitious materials

139

(17)

Introduction

139

(1)

Silica fume

140

(7)

Slag

147

(5)

Fly ash

152

(3)

Concluding remarks

155

(1)

References

156

(55)

Materials selection

162

(49)

Introduction

162

(1)

Different classes of high-performance concrete

162

(1)

Materials selection

163

(27)

Selection of the cement

163

(7)

Selection of the superplasticizer

170

(1)

Melamine superplasticizers

171

(1)

Naphthalene superplasticizers

171

(2)

Lignosulfonate-based superplasticizers

173

(1)

Quality control of superplasticizers

173

(2)

Cement/superplasticizer compatibility

175

(1)

The minislump method

176

(2)

The Marsh cone method

178

(2)

Saturation point

180

(2)

Checking the consistency of the production of a particular cement or superplasticizer

182

(1)

Different rheological behaviours

183

(2)

Practical examples

185

(4)

Superplasticizer dosage

189

(1)

Solid or liquid form?

190

(13)

Use of a set-retarding agent

190

(1)

Delayed addition

190

(1)

Selection of the final cementitious system

190

(2)

Selection of silica fume

192

(1)

Introduction

192

(1)

Variability

192

(1)

What from of silica fume to use

193

(1)

Quality control

193

(1)

Silica fume dosage

194

(1)

Selection of fly ash

195

(1)

Quality control

196

(1)

Selection of slag

196

(1)

Dosage rate

197

(1)

Quality control

197

(1)

Possible limitations on the use of slag and fly ash in high-performance concrete

198

(1)

Need for high early strength

198

(1)

Cold weather concreting

198

(1)

Freeze-thaw durability

199

(1)

Decrease in maximum temperature

199

(1)

Selection of aggregates

199

(1)

Fine aggregate

199

(1)

Crushed stone or gravel

200

(2)

Selection of the maximum size of coarse aggregate

202

(1)

Factorial design for optimizing the mix design of high-performance concrete

203

(7)

Introduction

203

(1)

Selection of the factorial design plan

204

(2)

Sample calculation

206

(1)

Iso cement dosage curves

207

(1)

Iso dosage curves for the superplasticizer

207

(1)

Iso cost curves

208

(2)

Concluding remarks

210

(1)

References

211

(52)

High-performance mix design methods

215

(48)

Background

215

(1)

ACI 211-1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight and Mass Concrete

216

(5)

Definitions and useful formulae

221

(12)

Saturated surface dry state for aggregates

221

(2)

Moisture content and water content

223

(2)

Specific gravity

225

(1)

Supplementary cementitious material content

225

(1)

Case 1

226

(1)

Case 2

226

(1)

Superplasticizer dosage

226

(1)

Superplasticizer specific gravity

227

(1)

Solids content

227

(1)

Mass of water contained in a certain volume of superplasticizer

228

(1)

Other useful formulae

229

(1)

Mass of solid particles and volume needed

230

(1)

Volume of solid particles contained in Vliq

230

(1)

Sample calculation

230

(1)

Water reducer and air-entraining agent dosages

231

(1)

Required compressive strength

231

(2)

Proposed method

233

(13)

Mix design sheet

237

(2)

Mix design calculations

239

(2)

Sample calculation

241

(1)

Calculations

241

(5)

From trial batch proportions to 1 m3 composition (SSD conditions)

246

(6)

Mix calculation

246

(2)

Sample calculation

248

(1)

Calculations

249

(3)

Batch composition

252

(5)

Mix calculation

252

(1)

Sample calculation

253

(1)

Calculations

254

(1)

Limitations of the proposed method

255

(2)

Other mix design methods

257

(6)

Method suggested in ACI 363 Committee on high-strength concrete

257

(2)

de Larrard method (de Larrard, 1990)

259

(2)

Mehta and A&iouml;itcin simplified method

261

(2)

References

263

(20)

Producing high-performance concrete

265

(18)

Intorduction

265

(2)

Preparation before mixing

267

(2)

Mixing

269

(2)

Controlling the workability of high-performance concrete

271

(1)

Segregation

272

(1)

Controlling the temperature of fresh concrete

272

(4)

Too cold a mix: increasing the temperature of fresh concrete

273

(1)

Too hot a mix: cooling down the temperature of fresh concrete

274

(2)

Producing air-entrained high-performance concretes

276

(2)

Case studies

278

(3)

Production of the concrete used to build the Jacques-Cartier bridge deck in Sherbrooke (Blais et al., 1996)

278

(1)

Concrete specifications

278

(1)

Composition of the high-performance concrete used

278

(1)

Mixing sequence

279

(1)

Economic considerations

280

(1)

Production of a high-performance concrete in a dry-batch plant

281

(2)

Portneuf bridge (Lessard et al., 1993)

281

(1)

Scotia Plaza building (Ryell and Bickley, 1987)

282

(1)

References

283

(14)

Preparation for concreting: what to do, how to do it and when to do it

285

(12)

Introduction

285

(2)

Preconstruction meeting

287

(1)

Prequalification test programme

288

(4)

Prequalification test programme for the construction of Bay-Adelaide Centre in Toronto, Canada

289

(1)

Prequalification test programme for the 20 Mile Creek air-entrained high-performance concrete bridge on Highway 20(Bickley, 1996)

290

(1)

Pilot test

291

(1)

Quality control at the plant

292

(1)

Quality control at the jobsite

293

(1)

Testing

294

(1)

Sampling

295

(1)

Evaluation of quality

295

(2)

Concluding remarks

297

(1)

References

297

(12)

Delivering, placing and controlling high-performance concrete

299

(10)

High-performance concrete transportation

299

(1)

Final adjustment of the slump prior to placing

300

(1)

Placing high-performance concrete

301

(5)

Pumping

301

(2)

Vibrating

303

(1)

Finishing concrete slabs

304

(2)

Special construction methods

306

(3)

Mushrooming in column construction

306

(1)

Jumping forms

306

(1)

Slipforming

307

(2)

Roller-compacted high-performance concrete

309

(1)

Conclusion

309

(1)

References

309

(27)

Curing high-performance concrete to minimize shrinkage

311

(25)

Introduction

311

(1)

The importance of appropriate curing

312

(1)

Different types of shrinkage

312

(1)

The hydration reaction and its consequences

313

(9)

Strength

315

(1)

Heat

316

(1)

Volumetric contraction

317

(1)

Apparent volume and solid volume

317

(1)

Volumetric changes of concrete (apparent volume)

318

(1)

Chemical contraction (absolute volume)

319

(1)

The crucial role of the menisci in concrete capillaries in apparent volume changes

320

(1)

Essential difference between self-desiccation and drying

321

(1)

From the volumetric changes of the hydrated cement paste to the shrinkage of concrete

321

(1)

Concrete shrinkage

322

(1)

Shrinkage of thermal origin

322

(1)

How to reduce autogenous and drying shrinkage and its effects by appropriate curing of high-performance concrete

323

(1)

Why autogenous shrinkage is more important in high-performance concrete than in usual concrete

323

(1)

Is the application of a curing compound sufficient to minimize or attenuate concrete shrinkage?

324

(3)

The curing of high-performance concrete

327

(7)

Large columns

327

(2)

Volumetric changes at A

329

(1)

Volumetric changes at B

329

(2)

Volumetric changes at C

331

(1)

Large beams

331

(1)

Small beams

332

(1)

Thin slabs

332

(1)

Thick slabs

333

(1)

Other cases

334

(1)

How to be sure that concrete is properly cured in the field

334

(1)

Conclusion

335

(1)

References

336

(11)

Properties of fresh concrete

338

(9)

Introduction

338

(1)

Unit mass

338

(2)

Slump

340

(1)

Measurement

340

(1)

Factors influencing the slump

341

(1)

Improving the rheology of fresh concrete

342

(1)

Slump loss

343

(1)

Air content

343

(2)

Non-air-entrained high-performance concrete

343

(1)

Air-entrained high-performance concrete

344

(1)

Set retardation

345

(2)

Concluding remarks

347

(1)

References

347

(23)

Temperature increase in high-performance concrete

349

(21)

Introduction

349

(1)

Comparison of the temperature increases within a 35 MPa concrete and a high-performance concrete

350

(1)

Some consequences of the temperature increase within a concrete

351

(5)

Effect of the temperature increase on the compressive strength of high-performance concrete

352

(1)

Inhomogeneity of the temperature increase within a high-performance concrete structural element

353

(1)

Effect of thermal gradients developed during high-performance concrete cooling

353

(1)

Effect of the temperature increase on concrete microstructure

354

(2)

Influence of different parameters on the temperature increase

356

(10)

Influence of the cement dosage

357

(3)

Influence of the ambient temperature

360

(1)

Influence of the geometry of the structural element

361

(2)

Influence of the nature of the forms

363

(1)

Simultaneous influence of fresh concrete and ambient temperature

364

(1)

Concluding remarks

365

(1)

How to control the maximum temperature reached within a high-performance concrete structural element

366

(1)

Decrease of the temperature of the delivered concrete

366

(1)

Liquid nitrogen cooling

367

(1)

Use of crushed ice

367

(1)

Use of a retarded

367

(1)

Use of supplementary cementitious materials

368

(1)

Use of a cement with a low heat of hydration

369

(1)

Use of hot water and insulated forms or heated and insulated blankets under winter conditions

369

(1)

How to control thermal gradients

369

(1)

Concluding remarks

370

(1)

References

370

(48)

Testing high-performance concrete

373

(45)

Introduction

373

(1)

Compressive strength measurement

374

(1)

Influence of the testing machine

375

(7)

Testing limitations due to the capacity of the testing machine

375

(2)

Influence of the dimensions of the spherical head

377

(4)

Influence of the rigidity of the testing machine

381

(1)

Influence of testing procedures

382

(8)

How to prepare specimen ends

383

(5)

Influence of eccentricity

388

(2)

Influence of the specimen

390

(5)

Influence of the specimen shape

390

(1)

Influence of the specimen mould

391

(1)

Influence of the specimen diameter

392

(3)

Influence of curing

395

(2)

Testing age

395

(1)

How can high-performance concrete specimens be cured?

396

(1)

Core strength versus specimen strength

397

(1)

Stress-strain curve

398

(2)

Shrinkage measurement

400

(1)

Present procedure

401

(1)

Shrinkage development in a high water/binder concrete

402

(1)

Shrinkage development in a low water/binder concrete

402

(2)

Initial mass increase and self-desiccation

404

(1)

Initial compressive strength development and self-desiccation

404

(1)

New procedure for drying shrinkage measurement

405

(2)

Creep measurement

407

(1)

Present sample curing (ASTM C 512)

407

(1)

Development of different concrete deformations during a 28 day creep measurement

407

(1)

Deformations occurring in a high water/binder ratio concrete subjected to early loading during a creep test

408

(1)

Deformations occurring in a low water/binder ratio concrete subjected to early loading during a creep test

409

(1)

Proposed curing procedure before loading a concrete specimen for creep measurement

410

(1)

Concluding remarks on creep and shrinkage measurements

411

(1)

Premeability measurement

412

(3)

Elastic modulus measurement

415

(3)

References

418

(36)

Mechanical properties of high-performance concrete

423

(31)

Introduction

423

(2)

Compressive strength

425

(1)

Early-age compressive strength of high-performance concrete

426

(1)

Effect of early temperature rise of high-performance concrete on compressive strength

427

(1)

Influence of air content on compressive strength

428

(1)

Long-term compressive strength

429

(2)

Modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength

431

(1)

Modulus of elasticity

431

(2)

Theoretical approach

433

(4)

Empirical approach

437

(3)

Concluding remarks on elastic modulus evaluation

440

(2)

Poisson's ratio

442

(1)

Stress--strain curves

442

(3)

Creep and shrinkage

445

(3)

Fatigue resistance of high-performance concrete

448

(1)

Introduction

448

(2)

Definitions

450

(2)

Wöhler diagrams

450

(1)

Goodman diagrams

451

(1)

Miner's rule

451

(1)

Fatigue resistance of concrete structures

452

(1)

Concluding remarks

453

(1)

References

454

(49)

The durability of high-performance concrete

458

(45)

Introduction

458

(2)

The durability of usual concretes: a subject of major concern

460

(1)

Durability: the key criterion to good design

461

(1)

The critical importance of placing and curing in concrete durability

462

(1)

The importance of the concrete 'skin'

463

(3)

Why are some old concretes more durable than some modern ones?

466

(1)

Why high-performance concretes are more durable than usual concretes

467

(3)

Durability at a microscopic level

470

(1)

Durability at a macroscopic level

471

(1)

Abrasion resistance

472

(1)

Introduction

472

(1)

Factors affecting the abrasion resistance of high-performance concrete

473

(3)

Pavement applications

476

(1)

Abrasion--erosion in hydraulic structures

477

(1)

Ice abrasion

477

(1)

Freezing and thawing resistance

477

(1)

Freezing and thawing durability of usual concrete

478

(1)

Freezing and thawing durability of high-performance concrete

479

(4)

How many freeze--thaw cycles must a concrete sustain successfully before being said to be freeze-thaw resistant?

483

(1)

Personal views

484

(1)

Scaling resistance

485

(1)

Resistance to chloride ion penetration

486

(1)

Corrosion of reinforcing steel

487

(2)

Use of stainless steel rebars

489

(1)

Use of galvanized rebars

489

(1)

Use of epoxy-coated rebars

490

(1)

Use of glass fibre-reinforced rebars

491

(1)

Effectiveness of the improvement of 'covercrete' quality

492

(3)

Time to initiate cracking

492

(2)

Relationship between time to initiate cracking and initial current

494

(1)

Concluding remarks

495

(1)

Resistance to various forms of chemical attack

496

(1)

Resistance to carbonation

497

(1)

Resistance to sea water

497

(1)

Alkali--aggregate reaction and high-performance concrete

497

(1)

Introduction

497

(1)

Essential conditions to see an AAR developing within a concrete

498

(1)

Moisture condition and AAR

498

(1)

Cement content, water/binder ratio and AAR

498

(1)

Superplasticizer and AAR

499

(1)

AAR prevention

499

(1)

Extrapolation of the results obtained on usual concrete to high-performance concrete

500

(1)

Resitance to fire

500

(1)

Is high-performance concrete a fire-resistant material?

500

(2)

The fire in the Channel Tunnel

502

(1)

The circumstances

502

(1)

The damage

502

(1)

Conclusions

503

(1)

References

503

(37)

Special high-performance concretes

504

(36)

Introduction

510

(1)

Air-entrained high-performance concrete

510

(1)

Introduction

511

(1)

Design of an air-entrained high-performance concrete mix

511

(1)

Sample calculation

512

(1)

Improvement of the rheology of high-performance concretes with entrained air

512

(3)

Concluding remarks

515

(1)

Lightweight high-performance concrete

516

(1)

Introduction

516

(2)

Fine aggregate

518

(1)

Cementitious systems

518

(1)

Mechanical properties

519

(3)

Compressive strength

519

(1)

Modulus of rupture, splitting strength and direct tensile strength

520

(1)

Elastic modulus

520

(1)

Bond strength

520

(1)

Shrinkage and creep

520

(1)

Post-peak behaviour

520

(1)

Fatigue resistance

521

(1)

Thermal characteristics

521

(1)

Uses of high-performance lightweight concrete

522

(1)

About the unit mass of lightweight concrete

522

(2)

About the absorption of lightweight aggregates

524

(1)

About the water content of lightweight aggregates when making concrete

525

(1)

Concluding remarks

526

(1)

Heavyweight high-performance concrete

526

(1)

Fibre-reinforced high-performance concrete

527

(3)

Confined high-performance concrete

530

(4)

Roller-compacted high-performance concrete

534

(6)

Concluding remarks

540

(1)

References

540

(13)

Ultra high-strength cement-based materials

545

(8)

Introduction

545

(4)

Brunauer et al. technique

549

(1)

DSP

549

(1)

MDF

550

(1)

RPC

551

(2)

Selected references

553

(10)

A look ahead

556

(7)

Concrete: the most widely used construction material

556

(2)

Short-term trends for high-performance concrete

558

(2)

The durability market rather than only the high-strength market

560

(1)

Long-term trends for high-performance concrete

561

(1)

High-performance concrete competition

562

(1)

Research needed

562

(1)

References

563

(1)

Afterword by Pierre Richard

564

(2)

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High Performance Concrete

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials